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TOPIC 52. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FROM ABRAHAM LINCOLN…
TOPIC 52. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FROM ABRAHAM LINCOLN TO F.D. ROOSEVELT
REFERENCES
Encyclopaedia Britannica
The American Yawp
Bekmuratovich, X. G. (2020). "The Importance of Teaching History to Students
UN DESA (2022). "The Sustainable Development Goals Report". New York, USA.
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
THE CIVIL WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
2.1. THE COMING OF THE WAR
2.2. THE POLITICAL COURSE OF THE WAR
RECONSTRUCTION. SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND POLITICAL REFORM
3.1. RECONSTRUCTION ERA
3.2. THE GILDED ERA
3.3. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
WORLD WAR I: WILSON
THE INTERWAR PERIOD
A) THE ROARING 20S
B) THE GREAT DEPRESSION
SECOND WORLD WAR
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
2. THE CIVIL WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES (1861-1865)
Conflict that divided North and South and which caused millions of lives and dollars wasted.
2.1.
THE COMING OF THE WAR
: LINCOLN AND BUCHANAN
ppal
factors
:
The development of white Southern
nationalism
was caused by the northern
neglect of secession in order to preserve the Union
.
When Lincoln won the presidential election 7 slave states of the deep south declared the secession and they formed the Confederate States
. Unionists in the South refused to accept these declarations of secession.
So, the US Government, under President Buchanan, refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by the Confederacy. Thus, the war began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate Forces bombarded Fort Sumter.
Slavery
permitted to expand into the newly acquired Western territory to become states since initially
Congress allowed one slave and one free
. This was intended
to keep a sectional balance
but eventually free states outstripped slave states in population.
2.2
. THE POLITICAL COURSE OF THE WAR
: policies pursued by the governments of
Lincoln and Davis
were similar even towards slavery, the root cause of the war.
A) SLAVERY
Confederate constitution guaranteed the institution of slavery. Despite pressure, Lincoln's administration was not disposed to disturb this institution because any move toward emancipation would upset the loyalty of these states. However, gradually,
under the pressure of war, both governments moved to end slavery seeking European support
.
Lincoln
saw that the emancipation of blacks would
favourably influence European opinion
towards the Northern cause and
would add much-needed recruits to the Federal armies
. So, in September 1862 he issued his preliminary proclamation of emancipation, he promised to free all slaves in rebel territory unless those states returned to the Union.
The
Confederacy
moved more slowly in the direction of emancipation.
In a diplomatic mission to seek assistance from EU
rope, promised to emancipate the slaves in return for diplomatic recognition.
B) FINANCE
Neither Lincoln's nor Davis' administration knew how to cope with financing the war.
Neither developed an effective
system of taxation
both relied heavily upon
borrowing
Both governments were obliged to turn to the
printing press and to issue flat money
due to
shortage
of funds.
As a consequence, both experienced
runaway inflation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3jBUyv5tRI&pp=ygUocXVlIGZ1ZSBsYSBlcmEgZGUgcmVjb25zdHJ1Y2Npb24gYW1lcmljYQ%3D%3D
RECONSTRUCTION, SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND POLITICAL REFORM
: 1865-1916
period of rapid economic growth and soaring prosperity
in the Northern & Western USA saw the country become the world's dominant economy, industrial and agricultural power.
3.1. THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA
lasted from
1865 to 1877
, and it marked a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the USA,
abolishing slavery and ended
the remnants of
Confederate
secession in the sOUThern states:
It proclaimed the newly freed slaves as citizens with the same civil rights as whites; rights guaranteed
by 3 new constitutional amendments
known as the Reconstruction Amendments.
Many shortcomings and
failures
: :red_cross: to
protect many freed blacks from KKK violence
, 🥖
starvation disease,💀 death and brutal treatment
of former slaves by Union soldiers, while offering reparations to former slaveowners but denying them to former slaves
🏆 4 primary
successes
including the 1)restoration of the Federal Union, 2) limited reprisals against the South directly after the war, 3) 🏠
property ownership for black people and the 4) establishment of national citizenship and a framework for legal equality
🟰
*1866 elections gave Republicans a majority in Congress, power they used to adopt the 14th Amendment.
Congress federalised the protection of equal rights, and dissolved the legislatures of rebel states, requiring new state constitutions to be adopted throughout the South
which guaranteed the civil rights of freedmen.
Elected in 1868,
Grant supported congressional Reconstruction and enforced the
protection of African Americans in the South via the
Enforcement Acts
. He used the acts to combat the KKK.
However, following the assassination of Lincoln,
Andrew Johnson
assumed the presidency. His intention was to
give
the returning
southern
states relatively
free rein in deciding the rights of former slaves.
🤦🏻♂️
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ASTZY95N_s
THE
GILDED
ERA
(1870s-1900)
Term: from Mark Twain's and Charles Dudley Warner's 1873 novel "The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today"
, which
satirised an era of serious social problems marked by a thin gold gilding
.
it was a time of:
rapid
economic growth
: American
wages grew
much higher than those in Europe, especially for skilled workers, as industrialisation demanded an ever-increasing unskilled labour force. The period saw an influx of millions of European immigration.
abject
poverty and inequality
:
millions of immigrants
poured into the United States, and the high concentration of wealth became visible.
https://youtu.be/nOK5MtTuRp8?si=3gNHc1DDj1qcUdGm
dominant issues
cultural
:
public high schools
started to emerge
Economic
:
railroads
became the major growth industry, with the factory system, mining and finance increasing in importance. In business, powerful nationwide trusts formed in some
industries
, and there were 2
Depressions
: the panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 interrupted growth and caused sociopolitical upheavals
numerous
religious
denominations were growing in membership and wealth with Catholicism becoming the largest. They all expanded their
missionary
activity to the world arena.
social
: 👷🏻
labour unions
✊🏻 became increasingly important in the rapidly growing industrial cities. They crusaded for the 8 hour working day and the abolition of child labour.🚸
https://youtu.be/1xVZoWA4mjc?si=qVaZOnZmnVKJdz8z
https://youtu.be/X3d_aguVkeA?si=cYwY1IeVAWfinDnE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABCP7rmXNqo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBYl_kCJqwg
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
: (1896-1916) period of widespread
social activism and political reform
across USA aimed at addressing the problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration and political corruption.
Progressive reformers were typically
middle-class society women or christian ministers
they support
Prohibition of alcoholic beverages
, to destroy the political power of local bosses, out of religious motivations
women's suffrage
to bring a purer female vote into the arena
Building an
Efficiency Movement
in every sector that could
identify old ways that needed modernising
and bring about scientific, medical and engineering solutions
.
Many activists joined efforts to reform local government, public education, medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, churches
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6q7jDUKF9nY
https://youtu.be/i0Q4zPR4G7M?si=eTMjPXW5MzvQ5kg7
: When Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 touched off WW2, Roosevelt called congress into special session to revise the Neutrality Act to allow beligerents to purchase munitions on a cash-and-carry basis.
Roosevelt moved quickly to aid the allies.
His
Lend-Lease Act
committed the USA to supply the Allies on credit.
War question resolved by the events in the Pacific. US supported china vs Japan but it kept selling products to Japan.
Then US applied an oil embargo to Japan who directed its first blow against naval and air installations in Hawaii, and destroyed 18 ships at Pearl Harbour + 347 planes. So on December 1941, Congress declared war against Japan
.
3.1. THE US AT WAR: PUBLIC OPINION
anticipating war, Roosevelt and his advisers had been able to develop and execute some plans for military opinion, but public opinion prohibited large-scale appropriations for armament and defence
WAR PRODUCTION
BOARD to coordinate mobilisation and an Office War Mobilisation to supervise the host of defense agencies.
Science
played a crucial role in production (atomic bomb developed in secrecy), making gains in rocketry, radar and sonar, and other areas.
COST: 321B AND TAXES: paid 41% of the cost. The Revenue Act of 1932 revolutionised the tax structure by increasing the number who paid income taxes.
3.2. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR
Full
employment and Raised income
levels
Black social and economic progress
thanks to the Executive order signed to prohibit racial discrimination in job training programs
Japanese Americans lost their liberty
and property
The new US role in world affairs: Roosevelt and Churchill announced the
formation of the United Nations
, a wartime alliance of 26 nations.
In 1945, the delegates from 50 nations signed the
charter
for a permanent United Nations to establish and to maintain a just and lasting
peace
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbxnxZViX3I&pp=ygUobGEgc2VndW5kYSBndWVycmEgbXVuZGlhbCBlc3RhZG91bmlkZW5zZQ%3D%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BExMOol11LA
4.
broke out across EU, and Presi Wilson
proclaimed that the USA would remain neutral. However, that position would change for 2 reasons:
Because of the
sinking
of the British ocean liner Lusitania by a German U-boat in 1915 where 128 Americans perished.
The news of the
Zimmerman
telegram threatening an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the USA
Then, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of
War against Germany
. The US entered the conflict on April 6, 1917. The entry of the US into WW1 changed the course of the war, and America.
Therefore, the federal government set up a multitude of
temporary agencies
to bring together the expertise necessary
to redirect the economy
into the production of munitions and food necessary for the war, as well as for propaganda purposes.
WOMEN
took
traditionally
men's jobs
in large numbers for the 1st time.
They worked on the assembly lines of factories,
assembling
munitions.
Some department stores employed
African American women as elevator operators and cafeteria waitresses.
Propaganda sought to mobilise the American citizenry through appeals to patriotism and civic duty and by linking US democracy with support for the democracies of Western Europe.
The Selective Service Act of 1917
authorised the conscription of military manpower.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CvDFatUR8w&pp=ygUlcHJpbWVyYSBndWVycmEgbXVuZGlhbCBlc3RhZG9zIHVuaWRvcw%3D%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMbZW7GDkLU&pp=ygUid2hhdCB3YXMgdGhlIHNlbGVjdGl2ZSBzZXJ2aWNlIGFjdA%3D%3D
5. THE INTERWAR PERIOD
WW1 had an enormous impact on US politics, culture and society (distrust and disillusioned with the American values). 2
Acts criminalised the expression of anti-war
sentiment and/or criticism of the US GOV and armed forces:
The
Espionage
Act of 1917 and the
Sedition
Act of 1918.
Advocates of female suffrage succesfully linked the patriotic efforts of women in the war with voting rights. Indeed, in 1920 the US congress ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, which
guaranteed women the right to vote
.
US was in turmoil throughout 1919.
Veterans could not find work.
A)
:
period of sustained prosperity during 1921-1929
.
Agriculture
went through a
bubble in soaring land prices
that collapsed in 1921.
oil and electricity
became the main energy sources.
Automobile production soared
,
suburban housing expanded
and the nation's homes,
towns and cities were
electrified
, along with some farms.
symbolised the
popularity of new music and dance forms
which attracted young people whereas the old generation worried about the threat of looser sexual standards
Black culture
flourished
Radio
was a
new industry
that grew. By 1927, two national networks formed: the NBC and the ABC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y4zvdox4rM&pp=ygUMdGhlIGphenogYWdl
PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL
: manufacture, sale, import, export of alcohol was prohibited by the 18th Amendment to the US constitution in an attempt
to alleviate high rates of alcoholism and especially political corruption
led by saloon-based politicians.
It was a
failure
because
organised crime was strengthened
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uU9GMJ8a5w
Labour Unions
grew
rapidly during the war with the main strength in construction/printing/railroads and with an
aggressive
spirit, calling major
strikes
in clothing/steel/coal (these
failed
)
Immigration Act of 1924
, which prevented immigration from
Asia
and set quotas on the nº immigrants from the easter Hemisphere, forming the
Foreign Policy: From Active involvement to Isolationism
After WW1 most Americans concluded that participating in international affairs was a mistake.
They sought peace through isolation and throughout the 1920s advocated a policy of disarmament and non-intervention
Roosevelt established the
Good Neighbour Policy
, which repudiated the right of
intervention in Latin America
. By exercising
restraint
in the region as a whole and by withdrawing American occupation forces from the Caribbean, Roosevelt increased the prestige of USA in Latin America.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXheEubxm9E
Roosevelt continued Hoover's
policy of nonrecognition of Japan's conquest
in Asia. However, when Japan invaded china in 1937, he moved away from isolationism.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4o4NOOaT_KY
B)
the economic crisis beginning with the
stock market crash
(Black Thursday of October, 1929) and continuing through the 1930s. It caused
deflation
and an increase in
unemployment
.
Drought
: arrival in the Great Plains. Decades of bad farming practices caused the
topsoil to erode
and combined with the weather conditions caused an
ecological disaster
.
Dust Bowl
:
dry soil was lifted by wind and blown into huge dust storms that blanketed entire towns
, a phenomenon that continued for several years.
Roosevelt's New Deals were a series of programs and policies to address the economic hardships of the Great Depression. It aimed to provide immediate economic relief, recovery, and reform across various sectors, significantly expanding the federal government's role in the economy.
The First
New Deal
was
series of programs, public work, projects, financial reforms and regulations
to provide support for farmers, the unemployed, youth and elderly in an effort
to re-inflate the economy after prices fell
sharply.
Second New Deal
, included
programs to redistribute wealth, income, and power in favour of the poor, the old, farmers and labour unions
. It aimed at an improved use of national resources; security against old age; unemployment and illness; slum clearance; national work relief program to replace direct and relief efforts
https://youtu.be/6bMq9Ek6jnA?si=sW_fAUieU1qHtrXT
Recession
of 1937 was a significant economic downturn that occurred during the recovery from the Great Depression. This recession was marked by a
sharp decline in industrial production and a rise in unemployment
.
The federal administration expanded spending to support WWII, which fully revived the nation's economy. Between 1939-1944, the nation's output almost doubled. Consequently unemployment plummeted
War economy was not a triumph of free enterprise as the result of government bankrolling business.
World war 2 ended the crisis
. Although the New Deal did not end the depression, it increased the regulatory functions of the federal government in the stock market, the banking system and others.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU2jm5Z4AV8
https://youtu.be/n-rBhbkvtm0?si=bAldb-i9UlUQ-00f
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHmfU-5drtY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZvUDFCb5pA&t=1406s
https://youtu.be/4pK_KGB4KmA
https://youtu.be/Spgdy3HkcSs?si=fGcEYa4g4AERnf03
