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Muhammad: born c. 570 CE in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Compiled the Quran as a…
Muhammad: born c. 570 CE in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Compiled the Quran as a series of revelations from Allah. Amassed a large following amongst the polytheistic inhabitants and returned to establish a foothold in Mecca. Principle prophet of Islam (BBC).
Quran: Muslim holy book, the contents of which were revealed to Muhammad. Believed to be the perfect word of Allah that corrects past errors in transcription (BBC).
Al-Kitab (People of the Book): Followers of Abrahamic religions such as Judaism and Christianity. Recognize the same god as Muslims and thus have a degree of kinship.
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Gabriel: Messenger of Allah who appeared to Mohammad at Hira and sparked the series of revelations that would comprise the Quran (Novak).
5 Pillars: Five obligations every Muslim must perform - Reciting the Shahada, five prayers (salat), Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj (BBC).
Shahada: Profession of Muslim faith. "There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah" (BBC).
Salat: Five daily prayers, including al-Fajr (dawn), al-Zuhr (midday), al-'Asr (late afternoon), al-Maghrib (sunset), and al-'Isha (night). (BBC).
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Jihad (struggle): The struggle to be a good Muslim, benefit society, and defend islam (BBC, Novak).
Lesser Jihad: External, physical force used to defend Islam (BBC, Novak).
Greater Jihad: The internal spiritual struggle as a Muslim (BBC, Novak).
Hajj (Pilgrimage): Annual pilgrimage to the Kaabah in Mecca that Muslims are obligated to perform at least once in their lifetime (BBC).
Ramadan/Sawm: Ninth month of the Islamic calendar, all muslims over the age of twelve in good health are obligated to fast during daylight (BBC).
Shirk: Idolatry, the highest sin in Islam. Shirk is an unforgivable sin without repentance (Novak).
Abu Bakr: First Caliph, or political and religious leader, after Muhammad (BBC).
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Shia Islam: Dominant in Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Lebanon. Believe leadership passed through the line of Ali, Muhammad's cousin (BBC).
Mecca: Holy city in Islam, birthplace of the prophet and contains the Kaabah, a house/sanctuary for Allah built by Abraham (Novak).
Medina: Holy city in Islam where Muhammad established a Muslim community after fleeing from Mecca (Novak).
Sharia: Laws compiled from the Quran, hadiths, and fatwas (rulings by Islamic scholars) (BBC).
Theocracy: Government by religious institutions and laws. In the case of Islam, Sharia law.
References
Novak, P. (2011). The World’s Wisdom: Sacred Texts of the World’s religions. HarperOne.
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