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Quran: the holy book for Islam, translated to "recite", the…
Quran: the holy book for Islam, translated to "recite", the literal word of God that was given to Mohammad (BBC) 
Influential People
Mohammad: Recieved word from God (Allah) through the Angel Gabriel which turned into the Quran (BBC)
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Abu Bakr: first leader when Mohammad died, a caliph (wiki)
Important Cities
Mecca: The holiest city for Islam and where Mohammad was born. Kaaba location. Go through the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. (BBC)
Pilgrimage to Mecca: Hijra, Mohammad took his followers on a pilgrimage (BBC)
Medina: the city where Mohammad and followers led migration (Hijra). Location of the tomb of Mohammad (wiki)
terminologies
Al-Kitab: another name for Quran, "The Book" (wiki)
The People of the Book: references about jews and christians and are recognized in the Quran for interpreting earlier revelations from God (wiki)
Tawheed: monotheism concept in islam, God is unique (wiki)
Theocracy: a government ruling by religion and devine laws, islam countries follow this (wiki)
Shirk: believing others to be equal to God, huge sin (wiki)
Hadith: a collections of sayings and approvals from Mohammad, and is an important source for islamic law. (wiki)
Sharia: islamic law from the quran and hadith, all aspects of a muslim's life (wiki)
the five pillars of islam
Shahadah: believing in only Allah, there is only one God (BBC)
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Hajj: pilgrimaging to Mecca, must do once in life (BBC)
Branches of Islam
Sunni: the largest of the branches, believes in first four caliphs and emphasizes the Quran and hadith's power. (wiki)
Shia: second largest branch, only descendants of mohammads cousin and son in law Ali are leaders of muslims (wiki)
Sufism: another branch of islam that often seeks personal experiences with God through rituals (wiki)
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