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How to optimise the given method for producing and testing for the “best”…

- - - - The alchol is displaced from the ester by another alchol, making the process simialr to hydrolysis except an alchol is used instead of water (Avinash Kumar Agarwal, 2007).
    - - Preparation of the catalyst (Steps 1-3) requires the use of methanol/ethanol with a strong base, namely potassium hydroxide (KOH). The KOH breaks into potassium ions (K+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) (Clifford, 2023). The hydroxide ions extract the hydrogen from the methanol to form water, leaving the CH3O- avaliable for the reaction (Clifford, 2023).
        
        After the catalyst is prepared, the triglycerude reacts with the metahnol, so excess methanol is used to complete the reaction (Clifford, 2023).
        
        The three attached carbons with hydrogen react with hydroxide ions to form glycerin (Clifford, 2023). The methyl group (CH3) reacts with the free fatty acid to form the methyl ester (Clifford, 2023).
        
        The water formed may trigger an unwanted side reaction with free fatty acids to form soap (Clifford, 2023).
- - - - Would also reduce environmental impact
- - - - Measures biodiesel quality, performs mass to volume conversions, optimises effciency, identifies product interfaces (Rosetta 2024). It can determine its composition (Rosetta 2024).
        
        This form of test will allow the mass per unit volume of biodiesel to be measured, which is suggestive of fuel efficiency and combustion characteristics.
        
        Biodiesel have typical ensity between 0.86 and 0.9 g/cm3 at 15 degrees Celsuis, so deviations will indicate impurities and a lack of efficiency (Elgharbawy et al. 2021).
        
        Density and energy content are directly related, meaning a higher density, within the threshold, generally indicates a high energy content per unit volume, which suggests strong fuel effciency.
        
        Biodiesels have a viscosity between 1.9 to 6 mm2/s at 40 degrees Celsius (Candeia et al. 2009). A higher value suggests poor atomization and incomplete combustion, creating low efficiency.
        
        Atmoization is the process of breaking bonds in subsatnce so that its atoms are found in a gas state.
  - - - This test provides insight into how the biodiesel will perform in cold tempratures, and when it will begin to solidfiy, reducing efficency.
    - - This test provides insight into how the biodiesel will perform in cold tempratures, and when it will begin to solidfiy, reducing efficency.
  - - - A higher calorific value indicates a higher energy content, as it produces more heat during combustion, present in the biodiesel, therby suggesting better efficiency.
  - - - In a lab, this analysis may use gas chromatography to analyse the components of exhaust gas. In engine testing, a dynamometer may be used, which measures engine performance and emissions in contolled conditions that cimulate those of the real-world.
- - - - The highest ester content value has been recorded for biodiesels producded from algae, with 98.7%, and olive oil, with 98.6% (Fevzi Yaşar 2020).
    - - The highest cetane number has been recorded for biodiesels producded from algaie, with 59, and olive oil, with 58 (Fevzi Yaşar 2020).
    - - The best cold-flow properties are described in biodiesels made from algae, corn and canola oils. Algae has a value of -14 degrees Celsius, while corn and canola oil both have -13 degrees Celsius (Fevzi Yaşar 2020).