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Thoracic outlet syndorme (TOS) - Coggle Diagram
Thoracic outlet syndorme
(TOS)
anatomy
thoracic outlet
anterior border:anterior scalene
posterior border:middle scalene
inferior border:1st rib
thoracic outlet有幾個通道
interscalene triangle:因anterior、middle scalene都insert到first rib
如果有scalene有hyprtrophy的情況會進而增高了壓迫到brachial plexus跟subclavian artery的機會
costoclavicular triangle:
anterior border:clavicle
posteromedial border:first rib
posterolateral border:upper border of scapula
可能因天生構造、第一肋骨或鎖骨外傷、costocoracoid ligament異常進而壓迫brachial plexus、subclavian artery
subcoracoid(sub pectoralis minor) space:
superior border:coracoid process
anterior border:tendon of pec minor
posterior border:2nd-4th ribs
pec minor緊繃會造成神經壓迫(在hyper-abduction時)
->所以可以想像長時間駝背的人有可能患有TOS
可分為兩種型態
vascular form:動、靜脈問題
aterial TOS(ATOS)
venous TOS(VTOS)
neurological form:占約90%的TOS
neurogenic TOS(NTOS)
Etiology
女性得到TOS較男性高四倍:因為有乳房組織,所以使得肩膀呈現沉肩的情況,加上天生sternum比較低,都有可能改變scalene的角度,進而引起壓迫
多流行在30~40 yrs,幾乎沒有兒童
過肩型運動員像是棒球、舉重,常常place stress在subclavian 血管、brachial plexus,常會有NTOS(nerogenic TOS)症狀,並常常有動脈阻塞、臂神經叢病變、effort thrombosis(又稱Paget-Schroetter 綜合症,是一種由於上肢靜脈血栓形成所引起的疾病,通常是因為胸腔內的血管受壓迫而導致的。此病症多見於年輕的運動員或經常使用上肢的職業,例如舉重或打網球。症狀包括上肢疼痛、腫脹和皮膚變色。治療方法通常包括抗凝治療、物理治療或手術以改善血流。)等併發症
天生的因素
Cervical rib:
增生在C7的肋骨,只有極少數人有這塊增生骨頭
Prolonged transverse process
Anomalous muscles:
異常肌肉
Fibrous anomalies (transversocostal, costocostal)
Abnormalities of the insertion of the scalene muscles[10]
Fibrous muscular bands[10]
Exostosis of the first rib:
第一肋骨異常向外增生
Cervicodorsal scoliosis:
頸椎側彎
Congenital unilateral- or bilateral elevated scapula:
天生的elevated scapula,因此corocoid process也提高,異常構造就有可能導致壓迫
Location of the A. or V. Subclavian in relation to the M. scalene anterior
其他因素
姿勢不良:upper-crossed syndrome
造成肌肉縮短
掉肩症:
掉肩症(Dropped shoulder condition)是一種肩部疾病,通常表現為肩膀向下垂或無法正常抬起。這種情況可能由肌肉功能不全、神經損傷或關節問題引起。患者可能會感到肩部不適或疼痛,並在活動肩膀時受到限制。透過物理治療、運動或其他治療方法,可以改善症狀和功能。
創傷:rib、clavicle的骨折
whiplash(hyperextension of neck)
repetitive stress injury:過肩運動員、長時間久坐打鍵盤
characteristics
臉、頸部、頭部、上肢疼痛、上肢感覺異常
上肢無力、沉重
上肢體溫降低、發白或發紫
症狀加劇當shoulder abdcution+externla rotation(丟球的動作)
C5-C7受影響,疼痛或傳到耳後,甚至rhomboid,往前傳至鎖骨、胸部
C8-T1受影響,疼痛傳智將綁前後側,前臂ulnar nerve支配處
outcome measure(問卷)
DASH
SPADI
NPRS
Mcgill pain quesionanaire
examination
palpation
檢查體溫
supraclavicular fossa
scalene muscle(tenderness)
trapezius(tenderness)
MMT&ROM
scalene
pec major/minor
SCM
levator scapulae
serratus anterior
special test
roos test(elevated arm stress test)
muscle fatigue->normal
neck and shoulder pain,radiates down the upper extremity
parathesia of fingers and forearm
重點:reproduction of stmptoms or 因此無法完成測試
ATOS:
手臂蒼白,測試結束後將手放下手會充血回復顏色
VTOS:
手臂發紫、水腫
其他非TOS問題
如果只有前4隻半手指麻痛
carpal tunnel syndrome
只有neck&shoulder疼痛,手臂幾乎沒有
cervical myelopathy(disc degeneration)
只有shoulder疼痛:
shoulder問題
cyriax release test:
請個案坐著,站在個案後面
將個案兩隻手的elbow flexion 80-90度,並保持forearm&wrist neutral
將個案shoulder girdle elevate,持續3分鐘
nembness and pain or reproduction of syndomr->positive
Morley's test:
請個案坐著,手放兩側
按壓個案的supraclavicular fossa
reproduction of syndorme->positive
但此測試對於TOS,cervical myelopathy患者都會觸發,所以要考慮其可能結果
costoclavicular maneuver
ULTT
也是對TOS跟cervical myelopathy敏感
Cervical Rotation Lateral Flexion: The test is performed with the patient in sitting. The cervical spine is passively and maximally rotated away from the side being tested. While maintaining this position, the spine is gently flexed as far as possible moving the ear toward the chest.
A test is considered positive when the lateral flexion movement is blocked.