Batteries are energy sources that store chemical energy and convert it into electrical energy, specifically through the flow of electrons from one material to another via an external circuit. This flow provides a current that can be used to do work and in households, batteries are utilised within technology, such as clocks, remotes, radios or clocks (Australian Academy of Science, 2016). Manganese oxide (MnO₂) is an inorganic compound within batteries due to being a depolarising agent for batteries, meaning it pertains to the characteristics of large discharge capacity, small volume and long service life, enabling it to be a critical component of modern batteries(Made-in-China.com, 2024).