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Globalisation (monoculture), Identity, Identity used to have a notion of…

- - - - Consumerism (relies on exchange of commodities)
        
        unites Americans (and the world via Westernisation) to
        
        Via social media this results in
        
        Surveillance Capitalism (characterised by competition and a compulsion to grow one's productive and surplus-generating capacities, continually reinvesting surpluses and finding new avenues to accumulate capital.)
        
        via selling user attention data to advertisers, or just data about the user themselves
        
        the users of technology are commodified, their behaviors, emotions, personality traits, routines, and vulnerabilities are packaged as objects (“data”) for sale in a capitalist economic system
        
        When Google prioritized “relevance” over other criteria, they were aligning with a neoliberal episteme of supposedly giving the customer what they want and prioritizing the desires of the sovereign consumer
        
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      - Meritocracy (is a society in which influence (of some sort) is possessed on the basis of merit)
        
        Implies success and unsuccess = winners & losers
        
        Overtime, winners pass their winnings to their children --> breeds a frustrating class system OR social status precludes those from providing social utility = no success
        
        Structural violence
        
        Modern Liberalism (expanded state power)
        
        Social contract (Thomas Hobbs, John Locke, Rousseau - As beings born in the state, we agree to give some liberty to the state in exchange for state protection of our liberty)
        
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        Results in institutionalised attempts at equitability
        
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        Failure of government with too much power
        
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        in attempts to remedy the injustices
        
        Cancel culture/ Woke Politics. (young, socially conscious generation trying desperately to remedy the injustices they see, but having been left with wholly inadequate tools for the job)
        
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        Liberalism has always struggled to grapple with the problem of power: namely that those who already have power can achieve more with their freedom than those who don’t, and that often this power discrepancy corresponds to our membership of certain groups
        
        e.g
        
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      - technological outcome
      - Money and Wealth
    - - Economic liberalisation
      - Arising out of frustration of feudalism
        
        Individualism
        
        Individuals regulate the market, not institutions
        
        Promotion of equality of all individuals = a government elected by the people, for the people
        
        Democracy
        
        Disagreement (a condition of democracy)
        
        Without productive disagreement (engagement about progress) it results in
        
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        Democracy distinguishes itself, by being a politics not just of ends and achieving good outcomes but also a politics of means. It’s about how we achieve these outcomes. It is a far better democratic result to achieve a bad end by good means that can subsequently produce a better outcome than it is to enforce a good outcome by bad means because it leaves that outcome to subsequent attack and the corrosion of democracy.
        
        Democracy is sustained by common everyday practices, a healthy democracy is nurtured by healthy democratic culture. Where we learn how to speak with one another, where we learn the basic rules of turn taking, that losses are never losses for good but we can take our time together and appeal together. The conditions of democratic morality is that we are each other’s teachers. That we are moral equals and hence will listen and be answerable to each other.
        
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- - - - GAFA tetrarchy (google, amazon, facebook, apple)
        
        results in/e.g
        
        Social Media
        
        bad feelings machine
        
        licking on the dopamine lollipop
        
        Isn't it odd that only two groups - drug dealers and social media dealers - refer to their target audience as "users"
        
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        Generates a new ideas to = a latest attempt to generate surplus through commodity
        
        Consumerism incentives to produce more & appeal more to the likings of its users (surveillance capitalism)
        
        We live in a communicative environment where there is no incentive to not produce more content to fill the space, we don’t have the discipline to disengage. The online cacophony reaches the point where it becomes too difficult to discern what is true and merely conspiratorial. After a while, the cacophony reaches a din that is too hard to engage because of the difficulty to find a commonality to tune into. With no agreement on the authority of basic information on our reality, we have a disillusionment of any institution. There is no commonality of our epistemology. This makes a productive debate uniquely difficult.
        
        Productive debates are difficult because people are entrapped in their disillusionments and hence =
        
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        empowered individuals to express and define their identities publicly.
    - - Innovation to facilitate
        
        e.g
        
        i.e agrarian societies relied on primitive technology. Farmer had no control over weather, soil, seasons --> transform to modern technology where light can be manipulated, water to be automated and specific
        
        More-advanced technology means the given authority of the environment around us becomes increasingly attenuated. Regardless of the moral considerations of technology, it affects us in profound ways of how we think about the world and imagine our place in it. All these developments have served to weaken the authority of the natural world and persuade human beings of their power.
        
        We are living in a world which it is increasingly easy to imagine that reality is something we can manipulate according to our own wills and desires, and not something that we necessarily need to conform ourselves to or passively accept.
        
        Convenience culture
- - - - Utilitarianism underpinning of society's ethical framework
        
        The conditions that necessitate expressive individualism is one of psychological satisfaction. Satisfaction and meaning - authenticity - are found by an inward turn, and the culture is reconfigured to this end. Tailoring psychological needs to the nature of society would create anxiety and reduce someone's personhood to being inauthentic. Therefore, the social dimension to psychological well-being demands others acknowledge inward, psychological identity.
        
        Charles Taylor (communitarian Philosopher): “One is self only among other selves. A self can never be described without reference to those who surround it”.
        [p.g 57]
        
        This causes
        
        A highly psychologised and individualistic era will accord increasing importance to words as means of oppression. This represents a serious challenge to one of the foundations of liberal democracy: freedom of speech. Words become potential weapons against individualistic necessities of our psychological requirements.
        
        oppression means you don't belong. That your identity is not recognised
- - - - Now therapists ask you to look inwards. "How does that make you feel"
      - However, it does not mean that individual identity is in actuality completely detached from community
        
        Who we think we are is intimately connected to those to whom we relate - family, friends, coworkers. When asked ‘who are you?’ Typically a response would not point to the DNA code or such generalities but rather a definition in relation to other people and other things - the child of John, the husband of Catriona’. This points to our human need to belong. If our identities are shaped by our connections, then identity also arises in the context of belonging.
        
        Belonging
        
        To have an identity means that I am being acknowledged by others. To be ignored, unacknowledged or shamed a person ceases to be recognised. While that individual continues to exist, his identity within this community is effectively erased. Thus, individual identity is truly a dialogue: how a person thinks of himself is the result of learning the language of the community so that he can be a part of the community. So that he can belong.
        
        If recognition is the economy that underpins identity, when not recognised by others creates the possibility for tension not simply between individuals but also between the desires of the individual (to be autonomous) and concerns of the community (to be recognised). The modern West faces a problem then with reconciling two aspirations: the aspiration to radical autonomy and to expressive unity with nature and society.
        
        Society itself is an ethical community. What this implies is that the individual finds her self-consciousness in being recognised by that society, and this occurs because she is behaving to the conventions of that society. Therefore, recognition is a social phenomenon. Both identity recognition and the framework for expressing identity are socially constructed, specific to the context of that individual. We might wish to express ourselves, but we typically do so in ways that are sanctioned by the modern society in which we happen to live.
        
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        However, not all expressions of individuality, not all behaviours that bring about a sense of inner psychological happiness for an autonomous agent, are regarded as legitimate. Society still imposes itself on its members and shapes corrals their behaviour.
      - e.g
        
        By making the classroom a ‘safe space’ - that is, a place where students go to be exposed to ideas that may challenge their deepest beliefs but to be affirmed and reassured - institutions such as schools and churches are places where one goes to perform, not to be formed/conform. He can be whoever he wants to be. And rejecting the notion of any external authority or meaning to which education is to conform, the individual simply makes himself the creator of any meaning there might be. This represents the advent of the expressive individual as the normative type of human being and of the relativising of all meaning and truth to personal taste.
- - - - I.e critique of family. (family is an important institution in life vs “what about the person whose family does X”) ]