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Theories - Coggle Diagram

- - - - p. 2 globalisation has led to fragmentation. Ge- ography got the better of ideology, countries are no longer predictably divided into camps or united in non- alignment, but pursue their national interests and are creating strategic spaces for themselves
    - - p. 2 the gold standard currency of power, military might, has become diluted as it is no longer a monopoly of the state and has not proven effective on its own to ensure security or for solving crises in a sustainable mann
    - - Unilateral, often ill-conceived, US responses have dominated the global agenda since 2001, but have not proven particularly effective in reaching strategic objectives."
    - - p.2 China ... has become not only a global player, but also a driver of global change because of its size, rapid economic growth and active role in world politics."
    - - p. 7 "China's policy in Asia may be described as 'keep China in, the US out and Japan down.'
  - - - :check:p. 78 China’s aid policies do not impose conditions or ask for favors from recipient countries; additionally, they focus on enhancing self-development and capacity building.
      - p. 80
        
        China's aid differs from OECD's ODA standards.
        
        Accusations of burdening Africa with debt and exploiting resources.
        
        China's policies seen as self-serving.
        
        All major donors, including China, have their own interests.
    - - aid policies can be characterized as a micro-macro
        paradox
        
        (no citation) The micro-macro paradox, as described in the text, refers to aid policies that may undermine local economies while aiming to alleviate poverty and support development at a larger scale.
  - - - p. 4 no longer focuses on a unidirectional – primarily charity-based –approach to
        development cooperation.
      - p. 5 The EU's hierarchy of priorities clearly differs from China's, with resources and economic interests being lower on the EU's list.
  - - - pp. 1638 - 1639 Conventional Realism: Emphasizes state power and great powers' roles. Predicts either a new balance of power with China's rise or a power transition with a possible conflict between China and the USA (
        
        Suggests China's rise might decrease its popularity due to increased nervousness among developing nations about Beijing's power (p. 1639).
      - (p. 1639).Neoclassical Realism: Highlights both international system constraints and domestic factors influencing state behavior, including China's focus on securing resources from the Middle East and Africa
      - (p. 1640). Subaltern Realism: Focuses on developing countries' domestic vulnerabilities, explaining why these countries prefer China's stable support over Western interventionist approaches
        
        Explains that developing countries favor China's stable support for their regimes over Western countries that promote democratic reforms and oppose existing governments (p. 1640).
        
        p. 1639 Unsurprisingly, Chinese support is welcome to...African elites. It also reduces their dependency on the USA and other Western ‘partners’ who might want to ‘empower’ civil society and oppositional leaders against incumbent regimes.
- - - - p. 42 Now is an ideal time for the EU to broaden its relatively narrow approaches to climate security and embrace a more ambitious concept of ecological stewardship.
        
        p. 42 The EU could play an especially valuable role in influencing the climate security implications of China’s BRI.
  - - - Howeverrrr
        p. 77 Foreign aid has failed to deliver the promise of sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction on the African continent.
      - p. 78 First, China's aid policies are long-term, planned, and sustainable; and second, they target specific regions on the African continent.
      - :check:p. 79 The EU aid policies to Africa intensify cooperation on peace and security, human rights, democracy, fundamental freedoms, rule of law and good governance."
  - - - 1640 Countries where business interests benefit from trade with another country will pursue stronger cooperation with that country.
        
        This explains the variation in attitudes toward China, with countries like Angola, Nigeria, Sudan, and Equatorial Guinea showing more favorability, while Jordan, Morocco, and South Africa exhibit less.
    - - Resource-Rich Countries: Oil-exporting countries like Angola, Nigeria, Sudan, and Equatorial Guinea tend to support China due to advantageous trade and investment in the extractive sector (p. 1640).
        Resource-Poor Countries: Support for China varies based on domestic business interests. Countries with significant manufacturing industries, such as Jordan, Morocco, and South Africa, show less support for China due to competition threats to local industries (p. 1640).
      - Liberal Theory: Business elites influence foreign policy. Countries with business interests benefiting from China are more supportive, while those with threatened industries are less so (p. 1648).
- - - - p. 23 Complementary approaches exist where the EU can build on the positive effects of China’s engagement and vice versa.