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How Plants Survive Abiotic Stress - Coggle Diagram
How Plants Survive Abiotic Stress
Drought Stress :
Deep Root Systems
Some plants develop deep roots to access water from deeper soil layers.
Osmotic Adjustment
Accumulation of solutes like proline, glycine betaine, and sugars to maintain cell turgor.
Stomatal Regulation
Plants close their stomata to reduce water loss through transpiration.
Leaf Morphology
Some plants have reduced leaf size, thicker cuticles, or leaf hairs to minimize water loss.
Salinity Stress
Synthesis of Compatible Solutes
Plants use transporters to sequester excess salts into vacuoles, reducing their toxic effects in the cytoplasm.
Salt Exclusion
Some plants exclude or limit the uptake of salt through selective ion channels in roots.
Ion Transport and Compartmentalization
Production of osmoprotectants like proline and trehalose that help in osmotic balance.
Temperature Stress
Heat Stress
Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs)
Synthesis of HSPs that help in protein folding and protection against heat-induced damage.
Membrane Stability
Alteration of membrane lipid composition to maintain fluidity under high temperatures.
Cold Stress
Cold Acclimation
Accumulation of antifreeze proteins and increased production of sugars to protect cells from freezing.
Modification of Membrane Lipids
Increase in unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids to maintain fluidity at low temperatures.
Flooding/Waterlogging Stress
Adventitious Root Growth
Production of roots above the waterlogged zone to improve oxygen uptake.
Ethanol Fermentation
Shift to anaerobic respiration pathways, such as ethanol fermentation, to generate energy under low oxygen conditions.
Aerenchyma Formation
Development of air spaces in roots and stems to facilitate oxygen transport in waterlogged conditions.
Nutrient Deficiency
Symbiotic Relationships
Forming associations with mycorrhizal fungi or nitrogen-fixing bacteria to enhance nutrient uptake.
Efficient Nutrient Use
Recycling of nutrients within the plant and reducing the requirement for deficient nutrients by altering metabolic pathways.
Root Modification
Development of finer roots or root hairs to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
UV Radiation Stress
Accumulation of UV-Absorbing Compounds
Production of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds that absorb harmful UV radiation.
DNA Repair Mechanisms
Activation of repair enzymes like photolyases that repair UV-induced DNA damage. :
Antioxidant Response
Similar to oxidative stress, plants increase antioxidant defenses to mitigate ROS generated by UV exposure.
Oxidative Stress
Antioxidant Enzymes
Accumulation of molecules like vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids that protect cells from oxidative damage.
Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
Increased activity of enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and peroxidase to detoxify ROS.
Heavy Metal Stress
Antioxidant Defense System
Enhanced production of antioxidants like glutathione and ascorbate to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by metal stress.
Efflux Pumps
Active transport of heavy metals out of the cells or into vacuoles to reduce cytoplasmic toxicity.
Chelation and Sequestration
Production of metal-binding proteins like phytochelatins and metallothioneins to detoxify heavy metals.
