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Organisation of Living Things - Coggle Diagram
Organisation of Living Things
IQ3 - Transport Systems
Source to Sink
Sink - Where the sugars are consumed (roots)
Transpiration - Cohesion - Tension Theory
(Henry Dixon)
1) Glucose is produced at source
2) Increase in glucose = reduction in water potential
3) Water enters xylem to balance
4) Pressure increases and sugars are pushed towards sink
5) Sugars are removed from sink = increase in water pressure
6) Water exits and moves to area of high sugar concentration
7) Process repeats
Source - Part where photosynthesis is occurring (leaves)
Sieve tube = living cells that contain no nucleus
Companion cells = provide ATP for active transport of organic substances
Xylem
Moves water from roots to leaves in process called transpiration
Transpiration = evaporation of water from leaves and stem of plant
Consists of dead cells
Phloem
Vessels made up of tiny living cells that transport sucrose and amino acids up and down the plant depending on where it is required
Translocation = transport of glucose and amino acids around the plant using active transport
Gas requirements
Oxygen diffuses from high concentration to low concentration
Gas exchange
Microscopic
Mammals = internal respiratory systems to reduce loss of water
Humans = oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into blood, provide large surface area
Macroscopic
Fish have gills with gills slits that absorb oxygen from flowing water and release carbon dioxide
Insects = through spiracles, valves regular opening and closing to reduce water loss
Digestive systems
break down of nutrients
Chemical
Enzymes
Stomach acid - HCI
Mouth - saliva
Physical
Mouth - chewing
Oesophagus - chumin
Absorption of nutrients
Small intestine
High SA:V ration = increased absorption efficiency
Large intestine
Mouth - oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum
IQ2 - Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Heterotroph
(carbon source from inorganic substances)
Energy from light
Yes
photoheterotroph
No
chemoheterotroph
Open vs Closed systems
Open
Surrounds organs
Least efficient
Low pressure, low energy
Closed
High efficiency
Contained in vessels
Gas exchange occurs in blood
Arteries - capillaries - veins - heart
Composition of blood
White blood cells, red blood cells, plasma, platelets
lungs = gas exchange
liver = filter blood to produce urea
Autotroph
(carbon source from organic substances)
Known as carbon fixation
Energy from light
Yes
photoautotroph
No
chemoautotroph
Imaging techniques
PET Scan
MRI
Tracing technologies
Radioisotopes (carbon 14)
glucose
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen
Cellular respiration
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
IQ1 - How Are Cells Arranged
Unicellular
Consist of one cell that carries out all the functions necessary for the main characteristics of life
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Small in size
Colonial
Some colonial organisms contain cells that have specialised functions that are coordinated with other cells in the colony
Two types
Facultive colony - independent organisms that come together to form complex social structures to increase chances of survival
Obligate colony - consists of individual called zooids that vary in from and carry out specific functions for the organism to survive. Individuals are dependent on each other
Identical unicellular organisms that work together to sustain life
Multicellular
Cannot live independently
Made up of many different types of cells grouped together to perform specialised functions
Relating cell specialisation to function
Cells have to be differentiated into special roles
Multicellular organisms have evolved to maximise efficiency by dividing the labour among all the cells
differentiation is the process --> specialisation is the result
e.g. nervous, skin, muscle tissue
Stem cells
Can be embryonic or adult
Advantages - cells are more efficient
Disadvantages - slower process of differentiation and specialisation
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
IQ2 - Structure of a Plant
Simple plants
Simplified tissues to absorb water directly through cell walls
Vascular plants
Complex flowering plants with specialised tissues for transporting water and nutrients
Shoot system = made up of non-productive and productive parts of leaf
Root system = supports structure and absorbs water and nutrients
Root hair cells = increase surface area and maximise water intake
Leaves - root - stem - flower
Structure of a Vascular Leaf
Palisade mesophyll = elongated cells dense in chloroplasts, close to upper epidermis, responsible for majority of photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll = situated between palisade and lower epidermis, irregularly shaped, unevenly distributed allow air to move
Mesophyll = photosynthetic cell in leaves
Guard cells = surround a pore and create opening to epidermis and cuticle
Cuticle = waxy coating on the epidermis that protects against excessive water loss
Stomata = regular exchange of gases using specialised pores
Types of Vascular Tissues
specialisation
Dermal = protects plant tissues, controls interactions with plant surroundings (epidermis)
Vascular = responsible for transport of substances around the plant (xylem and phloem)
Meristematic = cube shaped and small, cells divide to produce new growth
Ground = All internal cells of plant other than vascular tissue, consists of specialised cells