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How can the concentration of an active ingredient, ion or specific…
How can the concentration of an active ingredient, ion or specific molecule be determined in a household item
Common Household Items Include: Handsoap, Shampoo, Toothpaste, Mouthwash, Washing machine liquid, dishwashing liquid, bleach, olive oil, vinegar, milk, espresso, Butter, Face Cream, Body Wash, Sunscreen, Moisturiser.
Dishwashing Liquid
Dishwashing liquid is a mixture of water, surfactants, enzymes and agents. Water has a concentration of 60% w/v, surfactants have a concentration of 15-30% w/v whilst enzymes and agents (stabilizers, thickeners, preservatives etc) have a concentration of less than 1% w/v.
Surfactants decrease the surface tension of water, allowing the dishwashing liquid-water mixture to dissipate more readily reaching contaminants, oil and grease. i.e mixture is evenly dispersed with no droplet formation. Surfactants also encapsulate dirt, bacteria and oils within the water-dishwashing liquid mixture. Lifting particles away from dishes the suspending particles in the mixture.(Yeser Chemicals, 2023). From this basis surfactants are considered the active ingredient in dishwashing liquid.
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate:
Formula: CH 3(CH 2) 11OSO 3Na
Molar Mass: 288.38 g/mol
Acidic
Hydrogen Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Polar and Non Polar Groups
Sodium Laureth Sulfate:
Formula: CH3(CH2)10CH2(OCH2CH2)nOSO3Na
Molar mass: 288.38 g/mol
Melting Point 204 Degrees Celcius
Sodium Laureth Sulfate primarily has covalent bonds but ionic
bonds with sodium which is a metal. In addition due to the presence of hydrogen, sulfur and oxygen hydrogen bonding is the main intramolecular force.
Polar and Non Polar Groups
Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid
Formula : CH3 (CH2) 11C6H4SO3H
Molar Mass: 326.49 g/mol
Melting Point 206 Degrees Celcius
Acidic
Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid has no metals in its structure, therefore only covalent bonding occurs. Since Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid cannot be found in lattice form the structure is covalent molecular.
Hydrogen Bonding
Polar and Non Polar Groups
Soluble in water
Olive Oil
Olive Oil is a mixture of triglycerides. Oleic acid a monounsaturated triglyceride, linoleic acid a polyunsaturated triglyceride and palmitic acid a saturated triglyceride.
Oleic Acid has a concentration of 55%-83% w/v, Linoleic acid has a concentration of 5% to 20% w/v, Palmitic Acid has a concentration of 7.5% to 21% w/v. (The Olive Source, 2021)
Oleic Acid
Formula: C₁₆H₃₂O₂
Molar mass: 256.43 g/mol
Melting point: 62.9 °C
Boiling point: 351 °C
Acidic
Covalent Molecular
Non Polar
Hydrogen Bonding
Lineoleic acid
Formula: C18H32O2
Molar mass: 280.4472 g/mol
Melting Point -12
Boiling Point
Acidic
Covalent Molecular
Non Polar
Palmitic Acid
Formula: C₁₆H₃₂O₂
Molar mass: 256.43 g/mol
Melting point: 62.9 °C
Boiling point: 351 °C
Acidic
Covalent Molecular
Hydrogen Bonding
Non polar
Olive oil is hydrophobic
Insoluble in water
Milk
Milk is a mixture of water, lactose, whey protein, casein protein and fatty acids.
Lactose has a concentration of 5% w/v
Formula: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
Molar mass: 342.3 g/mol
Ionic Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding
Covalent Molecular
Neutral PH
Water has a concentration of 87% w/v
Formula : H20
Molar Mass: 18 g/mol
Neutral
Hydrogen Bonding
Polar
Covalent Molecular
Whey protein has a concentration of 0.7% w/v
Chemical Formula: C3H6O3
Slightly Acidic PH of 5.1
Covalent Molecular
Casein Protein has a concentration of 2.8% w/v
Chemical Formula: C81H125N22O39P
Acidic
Fatty Acids have a concentration of 3.2% w/v
25% of Fatty Acids in Milk is Oleic Acid
Oleic Acid
Formula: C₁₆H₃₂O₂
Molar mass: 256.43 g/mol
Melting point: 62.9 °C
Boiling point: 351 °C
Acidic
Covalent Molecular
Non Polar
Hydrogen Bonding
28% to 40% of fatty acids in milk is palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid
Formula: C₁₆H₃₂O₂
Molar mass: 256.43 g/mol
Melting point: 62.9 °C
Boiling point: 351 °C
Acidic
Covalent Molecular
Hydrogen Bonding
Non polar
Soluble in water
Vinegar
Vinegar is a mixture composed of water, acetic acid and various vitamins and minerals. Water has a concentration of 94w/v. Acetic Acid has a concentration 4-6% w/v. Minerals, Vitamins, Agents (Stabiliser) all have a concentration of less than 0.5% w/v. Moreover acetic acid is responsible for the odour and flavour. Therefore acetic acid can be considered the active ingredient.
Acetic Acid
Chemical Formula: CH 3 COOH CH 3 COOH
Boiling Point: 118.1 °C (244.6 °F)
Melting Point: 16.6 °C (61.9 °F)
Molar Mass 60.052 g/mol
Polar
Main Intramolecular Force: Hydrogen Bonding
Covalent Molecular
Acidic PH
Main Intramolecular Force: Hydrogen Bonding
Acetic acid, in high concentrations, can be harmful if inhaled, causing respiratory irritation and difficulty breathing. Skin contact with concentrated acetic acid can lead to irritation and burns, while eye contact can result in severe irritation or damage.
Soluble in water
Final Decision : How can the concentration of an oleic acid be determined in olive oil
Method
Titration
Once all equipments is rinsed and experimental setup is complete, 50ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is gently poured filling the burrette. The Sodium Hydroxide is referred to as the tritate
Employing a pipette, 25ml of Vinegar is gently poured into a conical flask.
Using a stirring rod phenolphthalein is dissolved in the vinegar.
Slowly allow sodium hydroxide to pour into the conical flask untill the resulting mixture has a pink appearance.
Use the volume of NaOH used (initial volume minus final volume) to calculate the concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar.
Calculate number of moles
Moles of NaOH = Concentration of NaOH × Volume of NaOH in mixture (in L)
2 more items...
Gas Chromatography
Spectogrpahy
Gas Chromotography
Distillation
Limitations
Access to more advance technology would enable more accurate readings or allow for alternate methods of determining concentration. I.e gas chromatography, spectrograph are not possible with current access to equipment
Oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids cannot dissolve in water, because only polar solutes can dissolve in polar solvents. Because non polar molecules are hydrophobic whilst polar molecules are hydrophilic. Therefore Milk and Olive Oil cannot dissolve, reducing suitability for titration and chromatography. Moreover in dishwashing liquids, specific type of surfactant is often not labeled, decreasing the accuracy of any experiments where dishwashing liquid in used. Therefore the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar will be determined.
Variables
Independent Variable
Volume of Titrant
Dependent Variable
Determining Concentration of Acetic Acid
Uncontrolled Variable
Fluctuations in temperature. i.e if room temperature has fluctuated below 16.6 degrees the melting point of acetic acid the acetic acid can become unequally distributed in the mixture. Effecting or delaying the colour of the indicator and subsequently altering the amount of sodium hydroxide in mixture. Negatively impacting the accuracy of data.
Exposure to sunlight can contribute to increase in temperature, uv degradation, of acetic acid. Exposure to sunlight may also reduce the quantity of water in the 'vinegar' by means of evaporation. This would effect the proportions of water in vineegar, potentially leading differing quantites of sodium hydroxide required in each reaction
Controlled Variable
The quantity of sodium hydroxide (1M), the brand and type of vinegar, quantity of phenolphthalein indicator (3 drops)
Risk Assesment
Surfactants can pose a risk to human health such as skin irritation, allergic reaction when in direct contact. However if ingested respiratory and gastrointestinal burns occur in severe cases resulting in death. (Poison.org, 2017)
Acetic acid, in high concentrations, can be harmful if inhaled, causing respiratory irritation and difficulty breathing. Skin contact with concentrated acetic acid can lead to irritation and burns, while eye contact can result in severe irritation or damage.
Breakage of Glass
Spillage of chemicals results in tripping hazards or contact on skin, contact with eyes etc.
Allergic reaction to vinegar
Potenial Experiments
Titration