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Optimise the provided method for producing and testing for the “best”…

- - - - Cold Flow:
        Biodiesels should work efficiently in colder temoeratures. If the biodiesel is prone to solidifying/freezing in colder temperatures, the oil can orm clogs in systems and provide less energy (Das and Chowdhury, 2023).
      - Viscosity:
        Correct viscosity allows for efficient atomisation, which is the process where the biodiesel is cinverted to fine droplets to then be combusted (Du et al., 2018). too high of a viscosity prevents proper atomisation, oreventing complete combusition (Du et al., 2018). too low of a viscosity leads to engine damage and leaking.
      - Calorific Value:
        Efficient biodiesels should have a high calorific value to ensure they work well as a fuel source. The calorific value/ energy value can be measured through a bomb calorimetre (Mahmudul et al., 2017).
      - Cetane Number:
        High cetane number means faster and smoother combustion, meaning emissions are generally reduced and engine perfomance is increased (energyeducation.ca, n.d.).
      - Oxidative Stability:
        Oxidative stability refers to the fuel's resistance to oxidation when exposed to air over time and this oxidation can create chmicals that affect the efficiency of the actual biodiesel (Puller and Saeed, 2014)
    - - Cost of Manufacture: For biodisel to be an efficient alternative to standard diesel, it should be economically attractive to consumers (Demirbas, 2007). Additionally, a lower cost of manufacture allows larger scale manufacturing. However, the cost of production has little effect on the final quality of the efficiency of the biodiesel.
      - Lower Emissions: Biodiesels should have lower emission rates than classic diesels, notably, reduced carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM), and sulfur oxides (SOx) (Brahma et al., 2022)
      - Biodegradable: Since biofuels should be environmentally conscious, they should be biodegradable, reducing any environmental impact in teh case of spills/leaks.
      - Renewability: Renewabiity of the biodiesel is important since it determines whether the diesel can be created in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner while simultaneously ensuring that materials needed to manufacture the biodiesel will not run out (Brahma et al., 2022).
- - - - Methanol is commonly used since it is cheap and simple to source. It is also highly reactive due to its small molecular structure and high polarity (Musa, 2016).
      - Ethanols, on the other hand, is less toxic and more renewable than methanol, and also contains a higher energy content, leading to a biofuel with higher energy content (Musa, 2016).
    - - NaOH is generally cheaper to source, however, KOH is easier to use, and creates an easier byproduct to seperate from the biodiesel (PetroNaft, 2024).
    - - Triglyceride Length:
        Generally, longer-chain triglycerides provide higher energy for the biofuel but pose challenges in terms of combustion and viscosity (Kaur, Singh and Singh, 2010). Shorter-chain triglycerides have better combustion characteristics and lower viscosity, enhancing overall fuel efficiency (Kaur, Singh and Singh, 2010).
      - Cold Flow: Biodiesels made from oils with a higher saturated fatty acid composition lose their liquid state at colder temperatures, while biodiesels made from oils with unsaturated fatty acids perform better in colder environments (M. A. Hazrat1*, M. G. Rasul et al, 2020). However, the latter is also prone to oxidation and polymerisation, lowering the quality of the final biodiesel.
      - Viscosity: Oils with higher levels of saturated fatty acids generally produce biodiesel with higher viscosity ((Brahma et al., 2022))
      - Combustion Ability: Oils with more saturated fatty acids produce biodiesel with a higher combustion quality, meaning it can combust more efficiently and completely (Tamilselvan et al, 2020).