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(Three ways to find the concentrations of ethanol in hand sanitiser) -…

- - - - dependent variables
        
        density of the hand sanitiser
      - controlled variables
        
        constant temperature of the room
        
        same amount of hand sanitiser
        
        same amount of distilled water
      - indenpendent variables
        
        different brands of hand sanitiser
    - - Calibrate the hydrometer or pycnometer with distilled water.
      - Measure the mass and volume of each hand sanitiser sample.
      - Calculate the density of each sample using the formula which is "Density = Mass/Volume".
      - Compare the measured densities with a standard density chart for ethanol-water mixtures to estimate the ethanol concentration.
    - - Hydrometer or pycnometer
      - measuring cylinders
      - electronic scale
      - distilled water
      - hand sanitiser samples from different brands