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PSYU2234 - Social & Personality Psychology - Coggle Diagram
PSYU2234 - Social & Personality Psychology
Week 1
Joshua Bell (violinist)
Famous experiements
Milgram
Rigdon
Asch
Festinger & Carlsmith - Insufficient justification & dissonance
Zadro et al., cyberball vs ball toss
Steps in research process
Research question
Generate hypothesis
Operationalize
Design experiment
Collect data
Analyse data
Draw appropriate conclusions
Experimental Design
Within-subject
Same participants in both conditions
Between-subject
Participants spread across different conditions and remain in that condition
Week 3
DISC
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud
Id
Ego
Superego
Psychosexual Stages
Unconscious processes and defence mechanisms
Repression
Regression
Sublimination
Projection
Repressors
Self-report
High physiological arousal
Neuropsychoanalysis
Week 2
Personality
Definition
Idiographic vs nomothetic
Understanding 'whole' vs 'parts'
Understanding 'normal' & healthy functioning
Do we need relationships?
Gordon Allport
Trait Theory
Cardinal
Central
Secondary
Reserach & Scientific Methods
Critical Appraisal
Replicability Crisis
Methods of Assessment
Case Studies
Self-Report
Projective Tests
Current Directions in Research
Week 4
Identifying Traits
Lexical Hypothesis
Factor Analysis
Eysenck's Three Factor Model
Extraversion-Introversion
Neuroticism-normality
Psychoticism
Biological basis
Five-Factor Model
Five-Factor Theory
Role of Environment
Universality
Personality Disorders
DSM-5 Classification
Categorical Model
Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD)
Dimensional approach
Pathological traits
Types of Personality & Heart Disease
Week 5
Addiction
Types
Substance
Behaviour
Addictive Personlity
No single personality profile
Criticisms: Overgeneralised
Personality & Substance Use
Nicotine use
Alcohol use
Changes in personality
Prefrontal cortex dysfunction
Effects: Increased impuslivity, decreased self-control
Crime
Types
Persons vs property
Violent crime
Sexual assault
Drug-related
White-collar
Cyber
'Born criminals'
Cesare Lombroso's Theory: Biological Determinism
Ethical issues: Profiling, self-fulfilling prphecies
Non-personality Crime Risk Factors
Age
Gender
Concentrated disadvantage
Poverty
Family Disruption
Dark Personality Traits
Psychopathy
Narcissism
Predict White-Collar Crime
Antisocial Behaviour (ASB)
Low agreeableness and low conscientiousness
Week 6
Psychopathy
Psychopathy Traits
Emotional detachment
Impulsivity
Lack of empathy
Callousness
Predatory behaviour
Antisocial actions
Primary vs Secondary
Primary
Genetic origin
Low anxiety
Narcissism
Emotional detachment
Secondary
Result of adverse childhood experiences
High anxiety
Emotional reactivity
Developed behaviourally
Assessment
Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R)
Interpersonal: Manipulation, pathological lying
Affective: Lack of empathy, shallow emotions
Lifestyle: Impulsivity
Antisocial: Criminal behaviour
Other tools
Triarchic Psychopathy Measure
Self-Report Assessments
Treatment
Challenges in therapy
Limited success with CBT
Sometimes increases aggression
Difficulty in reforming core emotional detachment and manipulation tendencies
Dark Triad (D3)
Traits
Narcissism
Grandiosity
Need for admiration
Entitlement
Machiavellianism
Manipulation
Deception
Self-interest maximisation
Psychopathy
Emotional detachment
Impuslivity
Predatory behaviour
Dark tetrad
Adds Sadism (enjoyment of cruelty)
Week 7
Personality, Wellbeing, & Assessment
Humanistic Psychology
Focus on higher human experiences
Criticism: Poor scientific methodology and self-centeredness
Positive Psychology
Focus on strengths and increasing well-being
Subjective well-being (SWB): How we feel about out lives
Types of wellbeing
Hedonic
Eudaimonic
Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
Basic Psychological Needs
Belongingness
Competence
Autonomy
Intrinsic vs Extrinsic motivation
Personality Assessment
Reliability
Validity
Construct: Does the test measure what it claims
Predictive: Can the test predict relevant outcomes
McAdams Personality Triad
Traits
The Big Five
Characteristic Adaptations
Personal goals, values, coping
Narrative Identity
Life story and self-identity
Assessment Methods
Self-Report
Performance-based Assessments
Projective tests (Rorschach, TAT)
Difficult to cheat but time-consuming
Interviews
Structured
Unstructured
Semi-structured
Qualitative but subject to interview bias
Future Directions
Personality X Situation
Examining variability in personality across contexts
Mixed Methods
Combingin qualitative and quantitative data
Big Data
Cross-Cultural Issues
Accounting for cultural bias in personality measures
Week 8
Personality Disorder Diagnosis
Personality Disorders
DSM-5 Classification (categorical)
Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) (dimensional)
The Social Self
Key Concepts
Spotlight Effect
Self-Schema
Origins of the Sense of Self
Family & Social influences
Cultural Differences
Self-Knowledge Accuracy
Misattribution of Feelings
Impact Bias
Self-Esteem
Sociometer Hypothesis
Self-serving Bias
Week 9
The Social Self
Personality vs Social Self
Spotlight Effect
Self-esteem
Self-serving bias
Dark side of self-esteem
Positive illusions
Forming impressions
Thin slices (Ambady & Rosenthal)
First impressions: Fast, snap judgments
Speed-dating studies
Attractvieness & Impressions: Physical appearance influences
Central vs peripheral traits (Asch)
Primacy vs Recency Effect
Early information impacts judgments
First impressions last longer
Attributional Theories
Naive Scientist (Heider)
Internal (dispositional) vs External (situational) attributions
Correspondant Inference Theory (Jones & Davis)
Inferences about personal traits based on behaviour
Covariation Model (Kelly)
Concensus
Distinctiveness
Consistency
Biased toward internal attributions
Attributional Biases
Fundamenttal attribution error (FAE)
Overemphasis on internal causes
Quiz game study
Actor-Observer effect
Different perspectives on self vs others
Cultural Differences
Collectivist vs Individualistic cultures
Just-World Hypothesis
Victim-blaming
Cognitive Schemas
Schemas
Simplify complex information
Can lead to stereotypes
In-group favourtism
Robbers Cave Experiment
Week 10
Judgment Biases
Social Inference
Rational Model
Collect data
Detect patterns
Infer relationships
Make predictions
Everyday Inference
Intuition
Heuristics
Heuristics
Representativeness
Availability
Anchoring & adjustment
Biases & Errors
Belief perseverance
Confirmation Bias
Illusion of control
Regression to the mean
Emotion
What are emotions?
Brief
Specific
Motivating behaviour
Profoundly social
Components
Physiological Responses
Cognitive processes
Expressive behaviour
Theories
James-Lange Theory
Emotions arise from physiological responses
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously but independently
Two-Factor Theory
Emotion = arousal + cognitive interpretation
Week 11
Disgust; Group Influence
Domains of disgust
Core
Animal-Nature
Sociomoral
Source Effect
Familiarity reduces disgust
Sexual arousal lowers disgust sensitvity
Applications
Health Campaigns
Public Health Messaging
Social Fascilitation
Simple vs complex task
Why does arousal increase?
Mere presence
Evaluation apprehension
Stereotype Threat
Fear of confirming negative stereotypes
Social Loafing
Applications
Improving group performance
Educational and work-place settings
Week 12
Leader, Power & Status
Group Influence
Bystander Effect
Kitty Genovese Incident
Diffusion of responsiblity
Pluralistic ignorance
Key studies
Smoke-Filled room
Woman Falling
Seizure experiment
Helping Behaviour
Situational Factors
Danger level
Ambiguity
Increasing help
Clear request
Specific helper
Deindividuation
Loss of Self
Group anonymity
Key studies
Trick-or-treating
Zimbardo hood experiment
Selfawareness
Mirrors
Reduced cheating
Group Decision-Making
Groupthink
Suppressed dissent
Cohesion, isolation, leadership
Prevention
Deil's advocate
Outside input
Second-chance meeting
Social Heirarchies
Power vs Status
Lobster dominance
Human social structures
Power dynamics
Approach/Inhibition Theory
High power
Goal oriented
Impulsive, less empathy
Low Power
Cautious, inhibited
High empathy
Social Class & Prosocial Behaviour
SES Effects
Low SES = more giving
High SES = mixed results