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how could you determined the concentration of a specific molecule - Coggle…

- - - - it is a analytical technique used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition
    - - a sample suitable for the injection is created
        
        the sample is injected into the chromatograph using a syringe
        
        the carrier carrier gas moves the sample through the column where the separation occurs
        
        the chromatogram is analyzed to identify and quantify the compounds present
    - - a sample which can be gas or liquid is injected into the chromatograph
        
        the sample is vaporized in the injection port
        
        an inert carrier gas like helium or hydrogen transports the vaporized sample through the column
        
        the column contains a stationary phase that interacts with the sample components, different compounds travel through the column at different rates based on their interactions with the stationary phase
        
        as the separated compounds exit the column, they are detected and recorded typically as a series of peaks on a chromatogram
  - - - a known volume of the unknown solution is placed in a flask the titrant is slowly added from the burette to the unknown solution until the reaction reaches the equivalent point where the amount of titrant added is stoichiometrically equivalent to the amount of substance in the unknown solution, an indicator is often used to signal the end point of the titration usually by a color change
    - - it is used to determine the concentration of acid or base in a solution
      - used to analyze the concentration of oxidizing or reducing agents
      - used to determine the concentration of metal ions in a solution
    - - the titrant is a solution of a known concentration that is added to another solution to determine the concentration of a second chemical substance
      - titrant is also referred to as the titrator, reagent, or standard solution
    - - an analyte is a substance which is the sample of interest in an investigation, such as titration, chromatography, or spectroscopy
    - - a sample is prepared of the unknown solution in a clean flask
        
        a few drops of an appropriate indicator to the flask
        
        a burette is filled with the titrant solution of a known concentration
        
        the titrant is slowly added to the unknown solution while continuously swirling the flask until the indicator shows that the reaction has reached the end point by changing color
        
        the volume of the titrant used is recorded and used to calculate the concentration of the unknown solution
  - - - a sample of a liquid is prepared the Alcolmeter is placed gently into the liquid ensuring it floats freely without touching the sides of or the bottom of the container
    - - breweries and distilleries to ensure the correct alcohol content in products
      - quality control in laboratories for testing and verifying the alcohol content in various beverage
      - in scientific research involving fermentation and alcohol production
    - - the alcoholometer is calibrated to the density of pure ethanol
        -the device is a hollow glass tube that floats in the liquid being tested as alcohol is less dense than water, the alcoholmeter will float at different levels depending on the alcohol content
- - - - lauric acid
      - myristic acid
      - plamitic acid
      - steric acid
      - oleic acid
      - linoleic acid
      - linolenic acid
  - - - controlled variable
        
        the concentration of the potassium hydroxide
      - independent variable
        
        the concentration of the oleic acid in the soap
      - dependent variable
        
        the brand of the soap
    - - soap brands
      - 50 ml of ethanol
      - 50 ml of diethyl ether
      - conical flask
      - potassium hydroxide with known concentration
      - burette
      - phenolphthalein indicator
      - pipette
    - - weigh approximately 1-2 grams of soap and dissolve it in a mixture of 50 ml of ethanol and 50 ml of diethyl ether in a conical flask
        
        ensure the soap is completely dissolved by gently swirling the flask
        
        fill the burette with potassium hydroxide solution to 0.00 ml on the burette
        
        add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator on the soap solution
        
        slowly add the potassium hydroxide solution through the burette continuously while swirling the flask
        
        as the drops of potassium hydroxide remains pink for longer is in the soap solution slow down the drops until the the pick color remains without disappearing
    - - accuracy and pression, as humans are prone to error and the precision titration requires of handling the titrate
      - other substances present in the soap may interfere with the titration process leading to inaccurate results
    - - ethanol and diethyl ether
        
        flammable
        
        skin contact cause irritation or dryness
      - potassium hydroxide
        
        corrosiveness can cause severe burns to skin and eyes
      - breakage
      - spillage
- - - - cedarwood
      - sandalwood
      - bergmot
      - lavander
        
        these are used for the sent of the cologne
      - mint
  - - - standardized potassium dichromate solution
      - concentrated sulfuric acid
      - starch indicator solution
      - potassium iodide
      - different cologne brands
      - distilled water
      - Burette
      - pipette
      - volumetric flask
      - conical flak
    - - collect a sample of the cologne band
        
        use a pipette to measure 25 ml of of the cologne into the volumetric flask
        
        87.5 ml of potassium dichromate is added to the cologne sample
        
        add 25 ml of sulfuric acid to the mixture
        
        add 25 ml of potassium iodide
        
        let the mixture oxidize
        
        add 25 ml of potassium iodide
        
        add a starch indicator to the conical flask
        
        add the standardized thiosulfate solution to the burette
        
        using the burette slowly add the standardized to the conical flask until the blue color of the solution solution
        
        calculate the use the known concentration of the standardized solution to determine the concentration of the analyte
        
        repeat these steps 3 times
        
        repeat these steps for each cologne brand
    - - Independent variable: the brand of cologne
      - Dependent variable : the concentration of alcohol (ethanol) in the cologne
      - controlled variable : the concentration of the standardized solution
        and the volume of the unknown concentration solution
    - - other substances present in the soap may interfere with the titration process leading to inaccurate results
      - accuracy and pression, as humans are prone to error and the precision titration requires of handling the titrate
    - - chemical hazards
        
        potassium dichromate is highly toxic, and can cause severe skin burns and eye damge
        
        sulfuric acid is highly corrosive and can cause sever skin burns and eye damage
        
        potassium iodide can cause skin and eye irritation
        
        thiosulfate can cause skin and eye irritation
      - breakage of beakers or flasks
      - spillage of chemicals
- - - - alcoholmeter
      - beaker
      - different deodorants
    - - controlled variable
        
        amount of deodorant sprayed into the beaker
      - dependent variable
        
        the concentration of alcohol (ethanol) in the deodorant
      - independent variable
        
        the brand of deodorant
    - - spray 30ml of deodorant into a 100ml beaker enough to for the alcoholmeter to float freely
        
        gently insert the alcoholmeter into the beaker until it floats
        
        read the measurement of the meniscus once the alcoholmeter stabilizes
    - - the accuracy of the alcoholmeter may not be reliable
      - human error when reading the meniscus
      - the alcoholmeter is not as accurate as titration of gas chromatography
    - - handling the chemicals
        
        when moving the chemicals from place to another ensure that no spilage is cuased
      - spilage
        
        spillage can lead to dry skin or burns by the alcohol
      - breakage
        
        alcoholmeters are fragile instruments that can break easily if not handled carefully
      - flammability
        
        alcohol is a flamable substance