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PSYU2235 - Developmental Psychology - Coggle Diagram
PSYU2235 - Developmental Psychology
Week 1
Maturational Theory
3 Steps of a devlopmental psychologist
Describe
Explain
Optimise
Baltes Approach
7 Development Assumptions
3 influences
Normative age-related changes
Normative Historical events
Non-normative life-event
Bronfenbrenner's Approach
Week 2
Genetics
Historical background
Ancient Greeks
Mendel
Darwin
Watson & Crick
Genes
DNA is in it
46 chromosomes
Mitosis
Meiosis
Principles
Dominant-recessive
Polygenic Inheritance
Genetic disorders
Gene-Environment Interaction
Kinship Studies
Twin Studies
Epigenetics
NBAS
Assessment scale
Clinical assessment
Research
Education
Observation
Education/intervention to promote engagement
Week 3
Birthing steps
Contractions
Crowning
Expulsion of placenta
Birth Risks
Prematurity
Low birth weight
Anoxia
APGAR
Cumulative Stress Model
Risk Factors
Alterations to uterine environment
Difficult temperament
Poverty, availability of community
Mental illness in parent
Progression of development
Ortho-genetic
Cephalocaudal
Proximo-distal
Week 4
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Intelligence as an adaptive process
Influenced by maturation
Interaction with environment
Piaget's Methodology
Clinical Method (flexible and discovery oriented)
Observation (natural and controlled settings)
Stages of Cognitive Development
Schemas
Adaptation Processes
Assimilation (integrating new information)
Accommodation (modifying schemas)
Oragnisation (structuring schemas)
Four Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
Development of object permanence
Sub-stages: Reflexive schemas, primary & secondary circular reactions, coordination of schemas, tertiary reactions, symbolic thought
Pre-operational Stage (2-6 years)
Mental representation and make-believe play
Limitations: Egocentrism, Conservation issues, Hierarchical classification
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
Logical reasoning on concrete objects
Formal Operations Stage (12+ years)
Abstract and hypothetical reasoning
Applications of Piaget's Theory
Education
Use of concrete props and visual aids
Physical practice and object manipulation
Parenting
Understanding developmental stages
Clinical Applications
Activities matching developmental stages
Week 5
Children's Memory Development
Infant
Deferred imitation (6 months)
Habituation (brief storage, birth)
Operant Conditioning
Memory retention (conditioned responses)
Reactivation with reinforcement
Implicit vs Explicit Memory
Implicit: Unconscious, motor skills, mature by age 2-3
Explicit: Conscious recall, starts 8-11 months, improves with age
Memory Strategies
Metacognition
Awareness of thought processes
Improves with age
Metamemory
Knowledge about memory
Increases memory performance with better strategies
Sociocultural influences on learning
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Social Scaffolding
Zone of Proximal Devlopment
Cultural context
Comparison with Piaget
Theory of Mind (ToM)
Developmental stages
Egocentric thought
Belief psychology (understanding false beliefs)
False belief tasks
Educational Applications
Dynamic assessment
Evaluating potential with support
Apprenticeship Concept
Learning through guided participation in real-world scenarios
Week 6
Socio-Emotional Competence
Emotional Expression
Present at birth: Interest, distress, contentment
3 weeks to 4 months: Social smile, joy, surprise, anger, disgust, sadness
Preschoolers: Empathy, pride, guilt, shame
Emotional Understanding
Recognition of own emotions
Recognising others' emotional states
Using emotional vocabulary
Emotion Regulation
Strategies to manage emotional responses
Infancy: Attention regulation, self-soothing
Toddlerhood: Effortful control (managing attention and impulses)
Temperament
Key dimensions
Reactivity: Intensity and recovery of emotional reactions
Self-regulation: Attention focus and approach/avoidance
Classifications
Easy child: Positive mood, adaptability, regularity
Slow-to-warm-up child: Mild reactions, slow adaptability
Difficult child: Irregular, intense negative emotions
Long-Term Outcomes
Dunedin Study
Under-controlled pre-schoolers faced higher risks of mental health problems and criminal behaviour
LSAC Study
High reactivity predicted ADHD, anxiety, and depression in adolescence
Temperament as a Protective/Risk Factor
Easy Temperament
Acts as a protective factor by promoting positive interactions and resilience
Inhibited Temperament
Can lead to anxiety if overprotected, reinforcing fearfulness
Week 7
Attachment & Emotion Regulation
Emotion regulation
Up-regulation
Down-regulation
Parent-Child Attachment
Exploration (Secure Base)
Closeness (Safe Haven)
Co-regulation
Self-regulation
Attachment Patterns
Secure
Responsive, balance
Predictable caregiver
Insecure-Avoidant
Avoids interaction
Discouraging caregiver
Insecure-Anxious/Ambivalent
Clings, distressed
Inconsistent caregiver
Disorganised
Contradictory behaviour
Source of fear and comfort
Internal Working Models (IWMs)
Mental representations
Influence relationships and stress behaviour
Lifespan Impact
Social competence
Problem-solving in relationships
Cross-cultural Considerations
Universal patterns
Cultural variations in caregiving
Week 8
Parenting, Siblings, Families
Theories about Contexts for Development
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
Belsky's Determinants of Parenting
Parent characteristics
Child characteristics
Contextual Factors
Social Address: Disadvantaged vs advantaged contexts
Poverty & social exclusion
Early Interventions
Risks: Domestic violence, Child abuse
Parenting Styles
Baumrind's Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Uninvolved
Parent-child relationships
Parental Monitoring
Structured Activities
Cultural Contexts
Asian Parenting
Acculturation: Traditional values vs western society
Fathering and Family Structures
Fathers role
Increased involvement
Influence on psychopathology
Grandparents and non-parental care
Sibling influence
Positive effects
Challenges of sibling rivalry
Only child outcomes
Divorce, Seperation, and Step-Families
Impact on children
Key predictors in chld adjustment
Shared parenting models
Step-families
Challenges and transitions
Key Takeaways: What children Need
Authoritative (sensitive, responsive) Parenting
Parental characteristics (Belsky's Model)
Cross-cultural considerations
Week 9
Gender Development
Gender Differences
Biological
XY vs XX chromosome
Hormones (Androgens, estrogen)
Cognitive
Verbal abilities
Spatial abilities
Mathematical abilities
Behavioural differences
Aggression
Empathy
Activity Level
Stereotype Threat
Impacts
Reduced motivation
Impaired performance
E.g., study on womens math performance
Gender Identity
Self-characterisation
Male, Female, Trans, Non-binary
Gender constancy
Identity (Recognising boy/girl)
Stability (Future role as man/woman)
Consistency (Gender remains the same despite activities
Fluid Identities
Transgender, queer, non-binary
Increasing awareness of diverse identities
Gender stereotypes
Development
Begin forming around 2 years old
Solidifies around 5-6yo
Flexibility
More flexible in middle childhood
Rigidity in adolesence
Cultural & Historical Variability
Pink for boys in early 20th century, now for girls
Social Influences
Parental Influence
Differential treatment based on gender
Gendered toys/rooms
Conversations: Science vs emotional talk
Peer influence
Praise for gender-conforming behaviours
Censure for gender non-conformity
Stronger sanctions for boys than girls
Media Influence
Gender stereotypes in TV, movies, video games
Social media influencing body image
Theories of Gender-Role Development
Biological Theory
Role of chromosomes and hormoens
Variability in gender-related biological makeup (e.g., CAIS, CAH)
Cognitive Developmental Theory (Kohlberg)
Gender constancy shapes gendered behaviour
Social Cognitive Theory
Modeling (learning from others' behaviour
Enactive experience (personal experience)
Direct tuition (learning through instruction)
Self-efficacy
Confidence in performing gender-related behaviours
Regulated by social expectations and self-evaluations
Week 10
Moral Development
Theories
Freud's Psychoanalytic Approach
Conscious (Superego)
Identification
Oedipus (boys)
Electra (girls)
Gender differences
Piaget & Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Theory
Moral Reasoning Stages
Preconventional
Avoids punishment
Gains rewards
Conventional
Social Approval
Law and order
Postconventional
Social Contract
Individual principles of conscience
Heinz Dilemma
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Reciprocal determinism
Modeling
Self-regulation
Moral disengagement
Moral justification
Euphemistic language
Advantageous comparison
Displacement/diffusion of responsibility
Distorting consequences
Attribution of blame
Moral emotions
Empathy
Sympathy
Guilt
Shame
Week 11
Adolescent & Early Adult Development
Biological, Psychosocial, and Social Transitions
Emotional Vulnerability
Emotional resposnes heightened due to limbic system activity
Adolescents experience emotional extremes
Neural Development
Pruning of synaptic connections
Myelination
Limbic system (emotions) vs prefrontal cortex (impulse control)
Brain "under construction" into young adulthood
Puberty
Hormonal changes (2-4 years)
Physical growth and neurological development
Synaptic pruning, brain efficiency increases
Cognitive & Emotional Capcities
Piaget's Formal Operational Thought
Abstract Thinking
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Systematic problem-solving
Emotion Regulation
Complex emotions (anxiety, shame, embarrassment)
Difficulty regulating emotions leads to internalising (e.g., depression) or externalising behaviours (e.g., delinquency)
Identity Formation (Erikson)
Crisis of identity vs role confusion
"Who am I?" leads to identity consolidation or confusion
Extended adolescence due to financial and educational dependency
Challenges during adolesence
Health Risks
Suicide and self-harm: high rates among adolescents, especially in rural males and First Nations youth
Substance abuse and risky behaviours linked to neural imbalance and social pressure
Impact of Early & Late Puberty
Early: linked to stress and risky behaviour in girls, stress in boys
Autonomy & Relationships
Autonomy from parents
Psychological independence while maintaining connection
Leaving home, pursuing education
Economic & Societal factors
Erikson's Intimacy vs Isolation
Ability to form intimate relationships without losing identity
Intimacy requires emotional regulation and stable self-identity
Health Behaviours
Addictions: increased risk of smoking, alcohol use, risky sexual behaviour
Sexuality: Changing attitudes toward sexual fluidity and relationships
Cognitive Development
Postformal Thought
Schaie's Stages: Focus on goals (career, family) in young adulthood
Psychosocial development
Vaillant's Study
Lifelong growth
Importance of relationships
Adaptive mechanisms
Friendships & Partnerships
Erikson's Crises
Identity: Adolesecents struggle with identity vs role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Week 12
Middle Adulthood
Key milestones
Parenting
Grandparenthood
Career peak and retirement planning
Marriage/divorce, new relationships
Menopause/hormonal changes
Physical changes: Vision, hearing, metabolism
Biological changes
Bones mass loss
Joint Issues
Increased health risks
Cognitive changes
Peak in Crystalized Intelligence
Decline in numerical ability and perceptual speed
Erikson's Stage: Generativity vs stagnation
Generativity
Definition: Contributing to the wellbeing of others and future generations
Parenting, mentoring, volunteering, community work
Stagnation
Definition: Feeling unproductive, bored, lack of interest in others
Mental Health & Mid-Life Crisis
Suicide rates at all time high
Mid-life crisis
Life reflection, re-evaluation of goals
Varies across work, social, family domains
Can lead to positive life adjustments
Key Psychosocial Theories on Aging
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST)
Premise: Older adults prioritise emotionally meaningful goals as they perceive limited time
Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Theory
Premise: Adapting to ageing by selecting valued activities, optimizing skills, and compensating for others
Strength and Vulnerability Integration Model (SAVI)
Assumes SST
Recognises other strengths and challenges to do with social and emotional wellbeing
Older Adulthood
Subdivisions
Young-old (65-74)
Middle-old (75-84)
Oldest-old (85+)
Cognitive health
Decline in processing speed, short-term memory, but variability in learning remains
Dementia affects ~10% of those over 65