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Decline of Cold War certainties 1973-89, Helsinki Agreement - Coggle…
Decline of Cold War certainties 1973-89
Detente
Causes
Prague Spring- Soviet control over Eastern Block secure
Missile Gap closed- cost 20% gov spending USSR
Economic problems in Eastern Bloc- trade with West increases
Schism in Communism- Sino-Soviet split, border clashes
US Economic problems
Vietnam: loss of US confidence
Internal pressures: Civil Rights, social conflicts
Alliance pressure: France/ NATO; German Ostpolitik
Nixon Doctrine: requirement on allies to defence themselves, while US maintains its treaty obligations- reduces exposure, expense, assures USSR- desire for peace was genuine
Nixon visit to China- symbolic- undermined USSR- brought them to negotiations
End
Charter '77- crackdown on dissent
Jimmy Carter- focused on civil rights
SALT II talks start 1977- plan to limit to 2,400 ICBMs
Shorter distance missiles not controlled
USSR invaded Afghanistan- USA aids mujahideen
SALT II unratified
USA boycotts Olympics 1980; 1984- USSR boycotts
Wheat trade stopped
End
1988 UN speech- Soviets leave Eastern Block
social and economic problems continue in USSR
1989- revolutions
Fall of Eastern block
SALT
1972- DDR/BRD mutual recognition
Nixon visited Moscow; 1974 Brezhnev visits US
US wheat exports to USSR
SALT negotiations 1969+; signed 1972
limit to ICBMs
plan for wider agreement
Satellites used to verify pact
establishment of mood of consultation
1973 Yom Kippur War- USSR saw US aid to Israel as betrayal; attempted US/USSR negotiated plan fails
Star Wars/ Reagan
Iran- Shah overthrown- 52 US hostages taken in Islamic Republic 444 days led to Reagan replacing Carter- failure of rescue
Soviet instability- Breshnev ill , d 1982; Andropov 1982-84, Chernenko 1984-85, d 1985
Gorbachev
Perestoika
economic decline 13% p.a.
Glastnost
debate and discusion leads to criticism
Foreign policy
desire to reduce defence spending- spend elsewhere
Refusal to intervene in Eastern Bloc
Afghanisatan withdrawal 1989
Reagan- rhetoric- 'evil empire'
policy
Confrontation- Thatcher/John Paul II; Solidarity/ Korean jet
Containment- Afghanistan; Grenada invasion; Contras- Nicaragua against Sandinista
Arms build up= $550 p.a. - new weapons systems
Mutual Assures Destruction altered with Stategic Defence Initiative
Star Wars/ SDI
missile shield- unsure money- $100,000 minimum
Kohl- loss of MAD- Soviets- compensate with numbers
Reagan- use amrs race to bankrupt USSR
Reykjavik meeting 1956,
1987 Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
SDI retained despite deal to end limits on weapons
Helsinki Agreement
DDR recognised
Borders in Europe respected
wheat sales continue
Eastern states borrow from west- later economic problems
Cultural links to be increased
Human rights to be respected