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food I love - Coggle Diagram

- - - - increase in global temperature affects the food production rates: - in some countries and regions, the amount of food production to be reduced by 50% (eg Brazil, India)
        
        in other countries and regions, the amount of food production is projected to increase up to 35% (eg China, Canada)
      - shrinking of glaciers lead to reduction of food supply: eg is glaciers in the Himalayas
        
        there are seasonal melting of glaciers which provide river basins for places like China and India to help with the irrigation of food crops during dry weather
        
        however, according to the intergovernmental panel of climate change, glaciers are projected to melt completely by 2035, which leads to smaller harvests for farmers
      - variations in global climate and climate patterns:
        
        lead to some land becoming unsuitable for farming
        
        lengthen growing seasons
        
        allow some land that previously can't be used for faring to be used to grow crops
    - - extreme weather events leads to loss of lives and damage to property. for eg dourghts leads to insufficient water available for crops and tropical cyclones lead to flooding in farm land
        -extreme weather events damage food crops
    - - -damage food crops eg is the caterpillar invasion in Liberia
        
        state emergency was declared as caterpillars devoured all crops in their path which affected 46 villages in the northern liberia
  - - - rapid population growth is not good if the supply of food cannot meet the demand of food
        -when there is rapid population broths, the demand fr food will icnrease and if it it coupled with low food supply, there will be severe food shortage
        
        global population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050
    - - for eg cereal can be kept for long periods of time but if it is not stored properly it will turn mould
    - - accessibility: how available the foods are or the residents to access
        
        transport faciliites also play a big role in bringing people to food places
        for eg in LDCs, food outlets are very far apart form one another once it is very inconvenient to get food
        
        leads to them not being able to obtain food resource, small food supply
        
        Costa Rica mudslide block roads
  - - - -refers to riots and political unrests, protests in countries - countries with disputes also face food shortage
        
        hinder food production
        eg. 854,000 people in Gaza are in inc stage 4 now with severe food shortage
    - - definition: refers to exercise of political and economic authority in managing a country's affairs
        
        also depends on the government's taking priority on other developmental needs, leading to food security to be threatened
        eg in Madhya Pradesh 2010, 40,000 villagers were depleted of their farmland due to steel plants, mining and port
  - - - conversion of farmland to industrial crop production like biofuels because it is more profitable
        
        biofuels are fuels that derive energy from biological carbons instead of fossil fuels
        example 25% of USA farmland wss ocnverted to grow biofuels
        
        this amount of farmland was enough to feed 330 million people
    - - basically like this is due to increased wealth and purchasing power in BRIC countries (Brazil, India, Russia, China) - BRIC have higher demand for food - they dominate the food supply, which leaves less food for the poorer countries for eg, the Kenya avocado exports to china increased 10 times as compared to the previous year in 2023
- - - - basically affect the type of food people eat and how they eat the foods
        
        hindus: milk based foods and non animal foods
        
        buddhists: generally vegetarian diet
        
        islam: halal food
        
        judaism: kosher foods
    - - transnational food companies penetrate the foreign market with alternative varieties
        
        fast food era is said to be "americanising" due to the increase amount of fast food chains around us to be coming form America (mcd, taco bell)
        
        there are over 40,000 mcd fast food chains in the world
      - LDCs: they are more open to fast foods because it is recent
      - DCs: they are less receptive of fast foods due to increasing health awareness
        
        DCs also fous a lot on how agricultural livestock Is being reared, and they focus on not eating the pesticides involved in these non organic food, which makes a lot of the people living in the DCs want to switch to organic food
        example: a 2011 US study showed that 58% of the people in the country preferred organic foods
        example: 2009 study in Asia showed that the season for organic food growing increasing by 20% every year since 1997
      - non organic food vs organic food:
        -chemical fertilisers vs organic fertilisers
        -high crop yield vs low crop yield
        -low production costs vs high production cost
        -perceived to be less healthier bc of use of non organic =vs perceived to be healthier due to use of organic foods
        -reduced dependence on labour vs increased labour
    - - migrants bring in more cuisines to a country and also drive the demand of more food preferences
        
        migrants bringing in more food variety
        
        gives rise to ethnic enclaves (basically a geographical region filled dw a particular race, religion or ethnicity)
        
        restaurants and grocery stores to cater to the needs of these people
        
        drive more diversity into host country
    - - transnational coporations (TNCs) are quick to hop onto new trends and innovate foods that are exclusive and water to a specific geographical location
  - - - 2011/04 civil war in Libya,
        
        rapidly depleted food stocks and were not being replenished
        
        cities with heavy fighting also has food and water shortages
        
        safety concerns restricted people from going out to venture for food
        
        farmers abandon field, depletion in livestock
    - - a system that provides guidelines to properly handle, preparation, and storage of food to prevent food borne diseases
        
        this is to ensure that food is safe for consumption for everyone
        
        how the government plays an active role in ensuring food safety:
        
        sets food safety measures
        
        ensures these food safety measures are met
        
        track down contaminated foods
        
        remove these contaminated foods from the shelves
      - eg. nuclear radiation in Japan 2011 led to farmland and water contamination
        
        sea animals were also being affected
        
        seafood exports between Japan and singapore was halted for 9 years
  - - - bird flu H5N1: also known as the aviation influenza affects birds and can affect humans too
        
        first emergence of outbreak in humans in 1997
        -a total of 850 cases
        
        the flu has a high mortality rate of 60% so it killed 460 people
        eg Thailand
        economic losses: lost more than $1 billion due to culling of birds and ban on exports on poultry
        social losses: more than 8 million famers made significant economic losses and lost their jobs due to the culling of 45 million birds from 2003- 2005
    - - can be dourghts, floods, hurricanes - basically the Thailand floods
        
        ravaging flood in the Chao phraya river basins cause damages up to 72 million that in the Thailand AGRICULTURAL sector, trimmed its growth forecast from 3% -1%
        
        thailand agricultural extensive department also quoted that 9.01 million rai of rice paddies were flooded and up to 7,21 million rai rice paddies fields were in critical conditions, bringing damages up to 51 million bhat
  - - - links to purchasing power links to more or less variety in food links to high or low nutrition
    - - -LDCs spent a larger portion of their income of food whereas DCs spent a smaller proportion of their income on food
        
        In a 2014 study, it showed that people living in low develop countries like Nigeria spent 56.4% of their income on food whereas people living in developed countries in USA spent only 6.5% of their income on food
        
        price of food is also cheaper in countries that produce them (Australia and New Zealand produce meat)
- - - - both LDCs and DCs are consuming more meat since the 1960s. the amount of meat consumption is to increase from 200s-2050s globally
        
        DCs: - meat consumption are still high
        
        however there is less consumption of red meat due to increased health awareness of its risks
        
        instead, people in the DCs are switching to healthier options of meat
        
        LDCs: meat consumption is starting to increase due to increase in income
        
        LDCs are consuming more red meat and milk
        
        lead to more health risks
        
        consumption fo red meat and milk increases because t is a LUXURY item
    - - both LDCs and DCs are consuming ore fruits and vegetables
        
        DCs consumes more fruits and vegetables due to increased awareness of health benefits
        
        LDCs consume more fruits and vegetables with increasing income
    - - there are changing food preferences due to increase in disposable income
        
        cereals: 30% of the DCs consume cereals
        
        DCs consumes less cereals because of their already high income
        
        the rate that DCs are consuming cereals is increasing at a decreasing rate because of increased health awareness of nutrition
        
        instead, cereals are subtituted with healthier choices of cereals like used to make noodles eg Japan, Korea
        
        cereal: 70% of the LDCs consume cereals
        
        this is because of their increasing income
        -cereals are affordable
- - - - supplying water through artificial means
        
        automatic computations to supply water to crops at regular time intervals using sprinklers
        
        practiced by countries with irregular rainfall
        
        ensure that there is water supplied to the crops throughout the year
        
        india can grow 2-3 crops instead of 1 because of these methods
        eg. centre pivot irrigation: overhead sprinkler made up by many segments of pipe supported by trussers mounted on wheelers
    - - pesticides
        
        kill pests and insects and prevents crop destruction
      - chemical fertilisers
        
        provides nutrients for the plants and allows crop to grow on derelict land
      - herbicides
        
        weedkillers and competes with crops in soil for nutreints
    - - cross breeding between cereals
        
        pest and disease resistant
        -takes a shorter amount of time to be harvested
        eg. super rice (IR8) in the 1960s saved India from famine
        
        increased India's grain production from 50.8 mt to 82.0 mt from 1950-1960
        
        Indonesia's rice output increased by 84% from 1970-1990
    - - farmers use modern advanced technology to help do jobs that farmers would otherwise have to do manually
        
        reduce time taken for steps like preparing land and also harvesting
        
        for eg combine harvesting is a machine that helps to harvest crops and has reduced reliance on human labour
  - - - -method of development: cross breeding vs genetically modifying the make up of the crop
        
        benefits: HYV and GM foods have shorter growing seasons
        HYV is resistant to pests and diseases, GM is resistant to pests and diseases, adaptable to extreme weather conditions, health benefits
        examples:super rice and bt corn respectively
    - - foods that have their genetic make up modified
        
        done by transplanting a gene form an organism into the genetic material of the crop
        
        stronger resistant to diseases and tolerant to herbicides
        
        adapt well to extreme weather conditions
        
        higher input, shorter growing time
        
        eg. BT corn
        
        bacillus thuringiensis is an insecticide injected in the cone to make it pest and insect resistant without the use of pesticide
        eg. GM foods are grown about 130 million acres of land in 13 countries like Africa, Egypt
  - - - mutilple cropping and crop rotation
        
        multiple cropping refers to planting two different types of crops next to each other at the same time in the same field
        crop rotation refers to planting different types of crops on the same field at different timings, depending on the change of seasons and readiness of the soil
        why such practices?
        some crops when plant next to eo can make sure that no pests will come
        
        for eg, planting onions peppers and garlic next to crops like tomatoes will prevent pests from coming
        
        minimise pest problems and also reduces the reliance of one crop for money
      - water and soil preservation
        
        planting wo removing the weed and plant materials after they decompose can be left on the filed to act as fertilisers for the next batch of plants to grow
      - leasing farmland to other countries
        
        South Korea leased 3.2 million acres of land form Madagascar
    - - support local farmers
        
        support local farmers to diversify our food resources and - to alleviate food shortage problem and reduce reliance on foreign food supply (imports)
        
        keep locals in business
        
        government needs to provide continuous support
      - population control
        
        population control is good as it reduces the demand of food supply
        
        In the Philippine, there are community based family planning programmes which gives families contraceptives to help them with population control
        
        however some people especially from the rural areas mightn't want to control their population as they need labour for faring which are mostly from their family members
    - - storage: refrigerating foods to be stored for a longer period of timed also to be distributed to further parts of the world
        eg SVALBARD global seed vault
        
        located in the remote arctic and it is planted 120 metre into the sandstone mountain
        
        world's largest collection of seeds
        
        stores 2.5 billion seeds, protects 4.5 million species of seeds