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How could you determine the concentration of a specific molecule, ion or…
How could you determine the concentration of a specific molecule, ion or active ingredient in a household item?
Household items (found in everyday life)
Organic chemicals
Vinegar
Acetic acid
Cleaning agents
Handsoap
Sodium hydroxide
Detergent
Sodium hydroxide
Medicines
Dymadon pain and fever relief
Paracetamol (50mg/mL)
Vicks cough syrup
Contains holy basil, liquorice, tumeric, ginger, tailed pepper, aloe vera, menthol, sucrose, sodium benzoate, hydroxybenzoates, sorbic acid
Difflam sore throat spray
Benzydamine (510μg/spray)
Panadol rapid soluble pain relief
Paracetamol (500mg)
Methods of determining concentration
Titration
Most common way of determining concentration; a titrate, the solution of known solute concentration, is added to the analyte, a solution made of an acid and base, until the solutions react. The volume of titrate needed for the solutions to complete the reaction/meet the equivalent point, and the total amount of analyte can be used to find the analyte's concentration
Only usable for acid-base solutions
Formula: %acid = (N x V x Equivalent weight) x 100 / (W x 100)
Where N is concentration of acid in titrate, V is volume of titrate, W is mass of analyte, equivalent weight is the weight of the acid when the equivalent point is met
Spectrophotometry
Amount of light absorbed by a solution is directly proportional to its concentration, which can be calculated with other factors
Conductivity measurements
Only usable if solvent is ionic
The solution's ability to carry an electrical current allows for the amount of ions to be measured, therefore allowing for the ionic substance's concentration to be measured
Chromatography (specifically High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
Evaporation
Another separation technique
If solvent is water and solute is a dissolvable solid, the solution of a known mass can be heated until the water boils and evaporates. The remaining solute can be weighed and concentration can be calculated
Distillation
Only usable if solvent and solute are both liquid, and if boiling points are known
The solution is heated until the part with the lowest boiling point is boiling. The vapor will condense and coalesce in a separate vial. Once there is no more of the lower boiling point liquid in the original solution, the parts can be weighed to find concentration
No variables
; not an experiment, rather research and justification
Active ingredient
"chemical compounds in medicines that have an effect on the body"
Molecule
Two ore more atoms of any elements that are chemically bonded
Ion
An atom or group of atoms with charges that aren't neutral (positive or negative)
Concentration formulas
C = n/v
Where C is concentration (mol/L), n is the number of moles (mol), and v is volume (L)