Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Urinary/Renal system, These vessels originate from two lymphatic plexuses-…

- - - - liver(right lobe), right colic(hepatic) flexure, duodenum (descending part)
    - - stomach, spleen, pancreas, left colic (splenic) flexure, jejunum
  - - - iliohypogastric
      - ilioinguinal
      - subcostal
    - - quadratus lumborum
      - transversus abdominis
      - psoas major
  - - - enclose the kidney and the adrenal glands
    - - collection of extraperitoneal fat
    - - mainly in the posterolateral aspect of the kidneys
    - - tough fibrous capsule
  - - - anterior superior segment
      - anterior inferior segment
  - - - renal sympathatic plexus: enter the spinal cord via 10th, 11th, 12th thorcic nerves
    - - lateral aortic (para-aortic) lymph nodes
    - - renal arteries and veins
      - Blood pathway
        
        Abdominal aorta
        
        Renal artery
        
        Segmental artery
        
        Interlobar artery
        
        Arcuate artery
        
        1 more item...
  - - - thin part: simple squamous epithelium
      - thick part: cuboidal or low columnar
- - - - Outer circular layer
      - Outer longitudinal layer
      - Inner longitudinal layer
  - - - Location: located posteriorly
      - Characteristics: forms the bladder neck
    - - Location: joins the bladder and the urethra
      - Characteristics: 1- comprise the internal urethral sphincter, 2- attached to the posterior surface of the pubic via the pubourethral ligament
    - - Location: between the apex and the Fundus
      - Characteristics: 1-supported inferiorly by prostate and pelvic diaphragm in males and females respectively, 2- supported laterally by the lavator ani and internal obturator muscles
    - - Location: located in the internal surface of the bladder
      - Formed by the two ureteral openings superiorly (base), and the openings of the urethra (apex)
    - - location: uppermost aspect of the bladder dome
      - Characteristics: 1- attached to the median umbilical ligament, 2- superior portion is covered by peritoneum
  - - - Branches of the internal iliac arteries and veins
        
        Superior vesical artery & vein
        
        inferior vesical artery & vein
        
        vaginal artery & vein
      - Branches of the obturator artery & vein, and inferior gluteal artery & vein
    - - Internal iliac nodes
      - Superior part: external iliac nodes
  - - - Circular smooth muscle surrounding the neck of the bladder
      - constriction prevents urinary leakage
    - - It is the skeletal muscle, and under voluntary control by the pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
      - Surrounded by the transverse perineal muscle
    - - Primary smooth muscle of the bladder
      - contract during micturition to enhance emptying
- - - - diaphragm
    - - right kidney: inferior vena cave, and right lobe of the liver
      - left kidney: stomach, pancreas, spleen
    - - celiac plexus and ganglia
  - - - Zona fasciculata
        
        Regulated by: ACTH, CRH
        
        1° hormone broduced: Cortisol
        
        Hormone class: glucocorticoids
        
        clinical correlation: Cushing syndrome
      - Zona glumerulosa
        
        Regulated by: Angiotensin ll
        
        1° hormone broduced: Aldosterone
        
        hormone class: mineralocorticoids
        
        clinical correlation: Con syndrome
      - Zona reticularis
        
        Regulated by: ACTH, CRH
        
        1° hormone produced: DHEA
        
        hormone class: Androgens
        
        clinical correlation: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    - - Chromaffin cells
        
        Regulated by: preganglionic sympathatic fibers
        
        1° hormone produced: Epi, NE
        
        Hormone class: Catecholamines
        
        Clinical correlation: pheochromocytoma
  - - - Superior suprarenal artery, a branch of inferior phrenic artery
      - Middle suprarenal artery, a branch of abdominal aorta
      - Inferior suprarenal and capsular arteries, branches of renal artery
    - - Right: right adrenal vein → inferior vena cava
      - Left: left adrenal vein → left renal vein → inferior vena cava
  - - - Lumbar lymph nodes
      - Lateral aortic (para-aortic) lymph nodes
    - - The adrenal glands are innervated by the Coeliac plexus and greater splanchnic nerves
      - sympathatic innervation to the adrenal medulla is via myelinated pre-synaptic fibers, mainly from the T10 to L1 spinal cord segments
- - - - Outer circular layer
      - Outer longitudinal layer (mainly present in the distal third of the ureters
      - Inner longitudinal layer
  - - - descend along the anterior surface of the psoas major
        
        At the area of the sacroiliac joints, the ureters cross the pelvic brim (entering the pelvic cavity through the pelvic inlet )
        
        They also cross the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries
        
        They enter the bladder through the ureter orifice (ureterovesical junction)
        
        Bladder contraction compress the intramural ureter, preventing urine reflux
  - - - Abdomen
        
        Common iliac artery & vein
        
        Gonadal artery& vein
        
        Renal artery & vein
        
        Aorta
      - Pelvic
        
        Superior and inferior vesical arteries & veins
        
        Middle rectal artery& vein
        
        Vaginal artery & vein (F)
        
        Uterine artery & vein (F)
        
        Internal iliac artery & vein
    - - Parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves, vagus nerve
      - Sensory fibres: T11-L2
      - Sympathatic: lumber splanchnic nerves
    - - Lumber para-aortic lymph nodes (mainly)
      - External iliac lymph nodes
      - Internal lymph nodes
- - - - Prostatic urethra
        
        Courses through the prostrate gland
        
        can be compressed by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
      - Spongy (penile) urethra
        
        courses from the bulb of the penis through the corpus spongiosum
        
        ends in the urethral meatus
        
        Site of drainage of bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
      - Preprostatic urethra
      - Membranous urethra
        
        courses from the apex of the prostate to the bulb if the penis
    - - Middle rectal artery & vein
      - Bulbourethral artery & vein
      - Inferior vesical artery & vein
      - Deep penile artery & vein
    - - Proximal: prostatic and membranous urethra drain into obturator and internal iliac lymph nodes
      - Distal: spongy urethra drains into superficial and deep inguinal nodes
    - - Membranous urethra
        
        transitional epithelium changes into pseudostratified columnar epithelium
      - Spongy urethra
        
        pseudostratified columnar epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium in terminal portion
      - Prostatic urethra
        
        transitional epithelium
  - - - The female urethra consists of only one part
    - - Internal pudendal arteries & veins
      - Vaginal arteries & veins
    - - Proximal: internal iliac nodes
      - Distal: superficial inguinal nodes
    - - Stratified squamous epithelium
      - Some stratified columnar can be also present