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Geography Paradigms, Carl Sauer (1925): Morphology of landscape., The idea…

- - - - Norbert Wiener: the necessity of crossing academic boundaries.
        
        quantitative techniques can be applied to geographical problems.MY RESEARCH?
      - Geomorphology: Strahler: there was no quantitative work in geomorphology but descriptive and region studies. Responses: Wooldridge: Rock sculpture cannot be effectively analyzed using mathematics at an advanced level of education, the subjective and interpretive nature of art, which resists quantification and objective measurement.
      - Climatology: little arguments.
      - Human and economic geography
        
        oppositions: 1) geographers were overly focused on developing and refining their technical tools and representations...shift their focus to applying these tools...isopleth maps is not; 2) methods are not correctly applied 3) quantifiers are over-enthusiasm
        
        1) another dubious dichotomy that either improve their tools or engage in research with available tools...
        
        1) isopleth maps is not adequate to determine correlations...
        
        2) ... they are genuine and honest attempts to gain new knowledge
        
        3) they are involved in a revolution...
        
        proposition: :...emphasizes the importance of social science being valuable in terms of prediction without imposing control over individuals. ...the evolution of social science in recognizing both random behavior on an individual level and predictable patterns on a societal level, as a result of the quantitative revolution.
    - - 1) ...a genuine need to make geography more scientific, and a concern to develop a body of theory.
    - - Future: ...construction of theory from observations and descriptions need statistical techniques. Case studies serve to highlight deficits of theory, but the abandon of theory requires statistical techniques to demonstrate their validity.
- - - - Hartshorne (1958)
        
        Area differentiation:... the wide variety of phenomena exist together in area that distinguish them from other areas.
      - ...life comes to people filled with unassorted localized phenomena to be dealt with together and at once rather than with single categories systematically sorted.
- - - - Positive: 1) more productive of cumulative generalizations; 2) disciplinary overlap: other disciplines involve the spatial expression of phenomena (economics); MY RESEARCH: A better understanding of spatial organization in general, man-land in general; places, cities...
      - Negative 1) selection of overly abstraction spatial models. 2) extensive and complex quantitative efforts produce trivial outcomes 3) highly complex and technical often end up refining methods for tasks that may not have been very important or necessary 4) creating endless new classifications, self-perpetuating and meaningless 5) lack of attention to clearly communicating conclusions. what's the significance to man?
        
        Solution 1)... there must be specific criteria to choose which models---to selecting models is to base them on formal theories----This approach can lead to focusing too much on problems that are easy to study theoretically but may not be socially significant.
      - Outlook: 1) Science-Activism Dichotom: less emphasis on academic roles, searching for hypotheses, generating new ideas, more on teh appliation of known findings
        
        maintain momentum in scientific tradition + more concerns for societal utility. ME DUBIOUS dichotomy. Taaffee: generalizaitons improve applications. complex probmes may face simplistical solutions. application is the ultimate test of generalizations.
        
        The disconnection between regional geography and the mathematical and theoretical models: Regional geographers benefit from using detailed spatial data and considering human interactions with the environment.