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OLIGOMENORRHEA - Coggle Diagram
OLIGOMENORRHEA
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TYPES
Secondary Oligomenorrhea
- This refer to infrequent menstruation in women who previously had regular mentrual cycles. It can be due to various factors including hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, excessive exercise, stress or significant weight loss.
Primary Oligomenorrhea
- When a women reaches the age of 16 and has not started menstruating or if menstruation has not begin within three years of breast development.
ETIOLOGY
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- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Due to etiological factor.
- During the follicular phase, estrogen secretion rises while other hormone levels are low.
- At ovulation luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone surges are associated with falling estrogen levels.
- Secretions of progesterone and estrogen again are characteristic of the luteal phase ending with menstruation.
CLINICAL FEATRURES
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- Excess hair growth (on face and body)
INVESTIGATION
- History taking & physical examination
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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- Abdominal and pelvic examination
MANAGEMENT
Symptomatic
- Analgesic and antipyretic - paracetamol 1g TDS
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) - Tab ibuprofen 200-300mg
- Azelaic acid (acne preparations) 15% apply thinly into the affected areas BID
- Rest in bed according to supine or recumbent, semi flower and flower position.
- Taking and monitoring vital sign such as blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, temperature rate and pain score for show progress toward recovery.
- Insert and monitoring intravenous normal saline drip to avoid electrolyte imbalanced.
- Administration medication according to prescription such as right patient, right medication, right dosage, right route, right time, right documentation and right refuse.
- Recording tracking and saving documentation for support diagnosis and as a proof of activities.
- Applying to the patient a heating pad to the abdomen.
- Encourage patient to drink more water.
- Attending follow up treatment according to the time and date given by doctor.
- Take the medication with correct dosage and timing according to doctor prescription such as 2 times per day (BD), 3 times per day (TDS), 4 times per day (QID), immediately (Stat) and when necessary (PRN).
- Consume a balanced diet based on the food pyramid such as intake of high protien food, carbohydrate food, vegetable and fruits.
- Encourage drinking 8 glasses of boiled water a day to prevent dehydration in the body.
- Avoid drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes because it can affect the health.
- Practice a healthy and active lifestyle by doing light exercise such as jogging, walking, yoga and so on for a speed recovery capability.
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- Avoid eat salty food and spicy food
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COMPLICATION
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- Neuropsychiatric complications
PROGNOSIS
Can cured
- if follow early treatment
Cannot cured
- late treatment and severe complications