GIỚI TỪ
(có thể đi kèm N, P, danh động từ Ving tạo thành cụm giới từ)
- VỊ TRÍ, CHỨC NĂNG
1.1. TÍNH TỪ
Bổ nghĩa cho N
ex: The book “on the desk” is mine.
Bổ nghĩa cho S
ex: The information is “of use”.
1.2. TRẠNG TỪ
Bổ nghĩa cho V
ex: He solved the problem “by himself”.
Bổ nghĩa cho Adj
ex: The lauguage program was successful “for one year”.
Bổ nghĩa cho Mệnh đề
ex: “In my opinion”, we must cut travel expenses.
- PHÂN LOẠI GIỚI TỪ
2.1. THỜI GIAN
in, on, at
ex: in the morning, on Sunday, at 7 o’clock…
by, until, till
ex: by Thursday, in the evening…
from, since
ex: from Monday, since last October…
for, during
ex: for 3 days, during the conference…
in, within
ex: in 30 minutes, within 30 minutes…
over, through(out)
ex: over the last 3 months, through next Friday…
2.2. NƠI CHỐN
at, in
ex: at the corner, at the entrance…
above vs below
ex: above the clouds, below the surface…
beneath vs on
ex: beneath the carpet on the floor, on the desk…
over vs under
ex: over the river, under a tall tree…
between, among
ex: between the telephone and the printer, among the students…
behind vs in front of
ex: behind the restaurant, in front of the building…
beside, by, next to
ex: beside/by/next to the potted plant
against
ex: against the wall
around
ex: around the corner
near
ex: near the subway station
throughout
ex: throughout the world
2.3. ĐỊNH HƯỚNG
for, toward, to
into vs out of
through
across
along
2.4. PHƯƠNG TIỆN
HOẶC MỤC ĐÍCH
by, for, with
ex: by car, for pleasure, with the knife…
2.5. NGUYÊN NHÂN
HOẶC LÝ DO
at, for, from
ex: at the news, for the lack of interest, from overwork…
2.6. CÁC GIỚI TỪ KHÁC
about, of, on
ex: about the decision, on the renovation, of the accident…
as
ex: as team leader
except (for)
notwithstanding
ex: notwithstanding the mayor’s opposition
2.7. GIỚI TỪ ĐẶC BIỆT
concerning = regarding
considering
excluding, including
following
2.8. CỤM GIỚI TỪ
because of = due to
ex: because of the haevy rain…
in addition to (=besides)
ex: in addition to regular working hours
in spite of (=despite)
ex: in spite of his hard work…
instead of
ex: instead of a full meal for luch
thanks to
ex: thanks to you…