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globalisation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stats:
        in 2017:
        
        a total of 15,775 individuals joined ISIS and 3417 of them are foreigners.
        From 2007-2022:
        
        a total of 137,009 people haave died as a result of acts of terrorism
        
        a total of 55 countries have recorded at least one death from terrorism
        2022: USD 30 billion in economic costs ude to terrorism
      - Transnational nature of terrorism:
        
        this has enabled some individuals o become influenced by the extremist ideologies of terror groups through the internet
        
        self- radicalisation:
        
        individuals or “lone-wolves” who operate on their own with little or no instruction from transnational terrorist organisations, but have been inspired and radicalised by extremist propaganda , through social media and the Internet. Some may decide to eventually join the organisation
        
        why self radicalisation? Exposure and eventual convert to extremist ideas and actions after a prolonged period
        
        Recent examples of SELF RADICALISATION IN SINGAPORE:
        
        2001 alleged terror plot on Yishun MRT station- 6 memberr of JI
        
        2021 - plan to attack muslims in SG due to inspiration from the christchurch attacks in NZ - protestant Christian of Indian ethnicity
        
        2024 - Singaporean teen identified himself as a white supremist - 16 year old teen of Chinese ethnicity
        
        2015 - one singaporean teen had planned to join ISIS and fight in the holy war in syria - 19 yr old teen of malay ethicity
        
        2023 - 2 teenagers who planned to carry out terror attacks on non-muslims after playing roblox - 15 and 17 year old teens of malay ethnicity
      - SUMMARY :
        
        Singapore is not immune from terror threats.
        
        External front - the threat from terrorist groups and their violent ideology persists as they continue to carry out transnational opereations to achieve their objectives
        
        On the home front - the spread of radical ideologies online has fuelled the threat of self-radicalisation
        
        Terrorism is not tied to any religion, culture or ethnic group, but happens when people adopt extremist ideologies in the name of their beliefs and are prepared to carry out acts of violence to demonstrate these beliefs.
  - - - Types of Malware:
        
        viruses which are the most commonly-known form of malware potentially the most destructive. They can do anything from erasing the data on your computer to hijacking your computer to attack other systems, send spam, or host and share illegal content.
        
        spyware collects your personal information and passes it on to interested third parties without your knoowledge or consent.
        
        adware displays pop-up advertisements when you are online
        
        fake security sofftware poses as legitimate software to trick you into opening your system to further infection, provifing personal information, or paying for unnecessary or even damaging “ clean ups”.
        
        browser hijacking software changes your browser settings (such as your home page and toolbars), displays pop-up ads, and creates new desktop shortcuts it can also relay your personal preferences to interested third parties.
      - Impacts of cyber security challenges
        
        Impact on governments:
        
        cybercriminals attack government networks to gain access to secret information about a country or dealings between countries .
        
        cyberattacks couldl also be targeted at networks that ontrol critical infrastructure, like transport system, power plants, water treatment plants, etc.
        
        if disrrupted, this could case widespread chaos and crisis in a country
        
        cyber warfare can happen between counttries when they attempt to illegally access and control another’s networks
        
        othere cybercriminals gain access to secret government documents and use them to expose classigied information
        
        these people like to view themselves as hacktivists because they hack for a political or social agenda
        
        research: one of the most infamous hacktiist is Julian Assange, and his website, Wikileaks.
        
        Impacts on businesses:
        
        cybercriminals business computer networks to steal trade secrets or money
        
        Rival businesses may steal information so as to give them an edge in the competition between companies
        
        banks and other financial institutions are also often the target of hackers as these businesses are linked with vast amounts of money
        
        Impact on individuals:
        
        cybercriminals also use malware to steal personal data and infromation
        how hackcers target indivudals:
        
        they entice you with an offer
        
        they use spyware to recaord and collect your personal information
        
        spyware transmits your sensitive data, using your own internet connection
        
        while your computer is connected to the internet, spyware quietlty transmits your personal information to cybercriminals, which can include : credit card, bank account numbers, social security or other personal identification numbers , usernames and passwords, address books, including email addresses, - cybercriminals use your information for illicit or illegal activities
        
        Opportunities and challenges:
        opportunities:
        
        people can take advantage of digital technology to enjoyo greater convenience in economic activities such as online shopping and bill payments.
        
        advanced countries and larger organisations may have more resources and expertise to develop responses to cyber threats.
        
        challenges:
        
        certain population groups, such as elderly, may be targets of cybercrimes. They are likely to have money and are perceived as easier prey as they may not be aware of ways to keep themselves safe online.
        
        governments, organisaitons and individuals in advanced cocuntries face a higher risk of cyber threats as sgreater proportions of their activies are conducted online.
- - - - economic growth
        
        the increase in a country's production of goods and services
        
        can be measured using a country's gross domestic product over a period of time
        
        as countries participate in global economy through international trade, this enables there goods and services to reach a larger market
        
        a country's goods and services can now be sold not just locally but also to other countries
        
        countries will increase their production of goods and services to meet the larger market demand
        
        countries may also experience economic growth as a result of receiving foreign investments
        
        bring in capital and advanced technology
        
        foreign capital an be used to build production facilities, while advanced technology helps to raise the productivity of businesses and worker s
        
        elaboration:
        
        as land sea ad air transportation networks expand and transport costs decrease , raw materials and goods can be transited across the globe at lower costs
        
        the rapid growth of e-commerce also helps keep businesses widen global access to markets and consumers
        
        developments in digital technology and transport connectivity allow information, knowledge and technology to be transmitted more efficiently and at lower costs
        
        developments in digital technology and the business activities of MNCs also facilitate the flow of capital across the world, which is important to investment activities
        
        singapore exmaple
        
        1965-1970s:
        
        Singapore has high unemployment rate , government sought to attract forage investments, particularly in the labour intensive industies
        
        by the end o the 1960s to the early 1970s, Singapore enjoyed strong economic gorwht
        
        Singaporeans had more jobs and higher wages
        
        1970s; - higher wages led to higher labour costs. Singapore became less competitive in labour- intensive industries compared to neighbouring countries with more about and at cheaper costs
        
        singapore thus began attracting new foreign investments in higher value industries
        
        singapore also focused on upskllin its citizens to develop a more educated workforce
        
        1 more item...
        
        1980s-2000s: singapore reviewed its economic strategy to ensure sustained growth
        
        the government focused on pursuing more trade, overseas investment and developing its modern service sectors
        
        active efforts were made to attract MNCs to set up their corporations in singapore
        
        2010s-2020s: singapore continues to attract FDIs with major sources from china, Japan and the united states
        
        sinagpore serves as a gateway to fast growing southeast Asian region
        
        by 2018, 59 percent of total number of technology based MNCs in Asia had established regional headquarters in sinagpore
        
        sinagapore also invests overseas, with significant investments in china, India and Indonesia, as these countries have large populations and greta potential economic growth, investing in them will likely being economic growth to singapore
      - economic vulnerability
    - - employment challneges
      - employment oppotutnities
  - - - countries invest in one another
      - foreign investment that involves business from one country setting up their operations in another country or investing in businesses of another country are known as foreign direct investments (FDI)
      - FDIs are typically for the long term
      - these arise because business have ieiified opportunities to reduce costs, increase profit or expand into other markets by setting up their operations n another country or investing in businesses in another country
      - FDIs result in an inflow of foreign equipment, talent and expertise
      - enables local business to upgrade their technology and business practices
      - help to increase the amount of goods
        
        promote the transfer of skills and expertise to local businesses and workers and creating jobs with potentially higher wages
- - - - over the years, technological advancement have led to improvements in land sea and air transport. it also includes development of supportinginfrastrucutres such as highways, railways seaports and airport as a result, transport services have become more readily available and affordable over time
        
        all these developments scontribute towards the acceleration of globalisation
        
        lead to "striking world" as people, goods and service are able to move around the world more quickly
      - speed: different modes of transportation such as trains, ships and aircraft have imporved in terms of speed, they can now travel msch faster and cover longer distances
        
        in 1830: the Liverpool and Manchester railway marked the beginning of steam-powered rail travel. the railway covered a distance of approximately 50 km and its train travelled at about 48 km/h
        
        since 1964, the Shinkansen bullet trains in Japan are among the world's fastest trains, as at 2023, the rail network covers a distance of around 3,478 km and its trains can travel up to 320km/h
      - capacity: more people and goods can be carried per trip to different parts of the world
        
        in the 1800s, steam powered ships first sailed acids the Atlantic Ocean between America and Europe, and later along shipping routes to Asia. due to space take by its large engine and fuel, it has limited carrying capacity
        
        since 1956, depending on their size, container ship have a carrying capacity ranging from 25,000 to 600,000 tonnes
        
        containerisation refers to the method transporting good in large, standardised containers. these containers cane stacked on container ships, enabling large volumes of goos to be transported, from the 1960s, this method became wide adopted around the world, the made cargo handling in ports more efficient and thus reduce shipping costs
      - costs: sped up the movement of larger volume of goods, services and peoplemper trip around the world, this has resulted in lower transport costs
        
        in the 1950s, flying was considered a lx=uxury expiernce, apart from affluent and business travellers few people could afford it
        
        since 1990s, with the rise of low cost airlines, the costs of flights has decreased substantially, with lower airforces, more people are now able to afford air travel
    - - digital technology refers to the electronic tools, systems, devices and resources that generate store or process data. it also helps to facilitate communication between people businesses and countries
      - in the early part of human history, communication over long idstnacs was slow andunreliablem which limited global interconnectedness and nterdepnedence
        
        in the 21st century, developments in digital technology have rapidly improved communications and accelerated globalisation
        
        have enabled people to stay connected, share information and ideas and do business across vast distances and different time zones