Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, values, and behavior in the production and consumption of health and health care.

Includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct health-improving activities

Service Delivery - Ensuring effective, safe, quality personal and non-personal health interventions.

Health Workforce - Adequate numbers and distribution of well-trained and motivated health workers.

Information Systems - Reliable data to monitor health system performance and health trends.

Medical Products, Vaccines, and Technologies: Equitable access to essential medical products.

Financing - Adequate funding to ensure people can access services without suffering financial hardship.

Leadership/Governance - Strategic policy frameworks and effective oversight to steer the health system.

Enhancing the health status of individuals and populations by providing preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services.

Ensuring that health systems are people-centered, addressing the specific health needs and expectations of the population, and providing care that is respectful and responsive to individual preferences.

Protecting individuals and families from financial hardship due to the costs of healthcare by ensuring access to affordable services and preventing catastrophic health expenditures.

Maximizing the value of resources used in the health system by improving the efficiency of healthcare delivery and minimizing waste.

Providing high-quality healthcare services that are safe, effective, timely, and patient-centered

Promoting fairness and reducing disparities in health outcomes by ensuring equal access to healthcare services regardless of socioeconomic status, geographical location, or other factors.

Ensuring that health systems are sustainable in the long term by maintaining adequate funding, workforce, infrastructure, and technology.

Co-producers of health (health seeking and health promoting behaviours)