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UK over the years, ` - Coggle Diagram
UK over the years
UK life
Year Population
1600 Just over 4 million
1700 5 million
1801 8 million
1851 20 million
1901 40 million
1951 50 million
1998 57 million
2005 Just under 60 million
2010 Just over 62 million
2017 Just over 66 million
England more or less consistently makes up 84% of the total population, Wales around 5%, Scotland just over 8%, and Northern Ireland less than 3%.
England more or less consistently makes up 84% of the total population, Wales around 5%, Scotland just over 8%, and Northern Ireland less than 3%.
Church of England (called the Anglican Church in other countries and the Episcopal Church in Scotland and the United States).
The monarch is the head of the Church of England. The spiritual leader of the Church of England is the Archbishop of Canterbury
Scotland, the national Church is the Church of Scotland, which is a Presbyterian Church. It is governed by ministers and elders. The chairperson of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the Moderator, who is appointed for one year only and often speaks on behalf of that Church.
Patrons
17 March: St Patrick’s Day, Northern Ireland
23 April: St George’s Day, England
30 November: St Andrew’s Day, Scotland
1 March: St David’s Day, Wales
The day before Lent starts is called Shrove Tuesday, or Pancake Day
Lent begins on Ash Wednesday
Hannukah is in November or December and is celebrated for eight days. It is to remember the Jews’ struggle for religious freedom.
Eid al-Fitr celebrates the end of Ramadan, when Muslims have fasted for a month
Eid ul Adha-sacrifice
Vaisakhi (also spelled Baisakhi) is a Sikh festival which celebrates the founding of the Sikh community known as the Khalsa. It is celebrated on 14 April
In Scotland, 31 December is called Hogmanay and 2 January is also a public holiday
Mothering Sunday (or Mother’s day) is the Sunday three weeks before Easter
Father’s Day is the third Sunday in June
Halloween, 31 October
Charities
Age-Older people
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC
homeless (for example, Crisis and Shelter
medical research charities (for example, Cancer Research UK
environmental charities (including the National Trust and Friends of the Earth
animals (such as the People’s Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA)).
National Citizen Service programme gives 16- and 17-year-olds-skills for life
Northern Ireland Parliament was established in 1922, when Ireland was divided, but it was abolished in 1972, shortly after the Troubles broke out in 1969.
established soon after the Belfast Agreement (or Good Friday Agreement) in 1998. There is a power-sharing agreement which distributes ministerial offices amongst the main parties. The Assembly has 90 elected members, known as MLAs (members of the Legislative Assembly). They are elected with a form of proportional representation.
The Northern Ireland Assembly building is known as Stormont.
Northern Ireland elected members, known as MLAs, meet in the Northern Ireland Assembly at Stormont, in Belfast.
There has been a Welsh Assembly (now called the Senedd) and a Scottish Parliament since 1999.
There are 60 members of the Senedd (SMs) and elections are held every four years using a form of proportional representation. Members can speak in either Welsh or English, and all of the Senedd’s publications are in both languages
The Scottish Parliament was formed in 1999
129 members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), elected by a form of proportional representation
National Anthem of the UK is ‘God Save the King
God save our gracious King
MPs, Senedd members (SMs) and members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) are also listed in The Phone Book
There has been a Welsh Assembly (now called the Senedd) and a Scottish Parliament since 1999.
Proceedings in Parliament are broadcast on television and published in official reports called Hansard.
Council of Europe has 47 member countries, including the UK, and is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights in those countries.
Citizens Advice Bureau-domestic violence
Forced Marriage Protection Orders were introduced in 2008 for England, Wales and Northern Ireland under the Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007 and soctland in 2011
core values of civil servants include: integrity, honesty, objectivity and impartiality (including being politically neutral).
British overseas territories- St helena & Falkland Islands
Crown Dependencies- Channel island & Island of Man
European Convention of Human Rights-UK signed in 1950
Historic Environment Scotland.-Eindburgh castle look after
Solicitors’ charges are usually based on how much time they spend on a case
Northern Ireland uses a system called ‘individual registration’ and all those entitled to vote must complete their own registration form
The
Bill of Rights, 1689,
confirmed the rights of Parliament and the limits of the king’s power
parliament elect every 3 years (later 7 and now 5)
Whigs & tories, 2 parties
free press, 1695
, no goivt license needed
very few people can vite, only certain landowners, pocket bporughs and rotten boirughs
Jews came in 1656, between 1680/1720
HUgenots from France came
Queen Anne
, the CAt of Unuion in 1707
George I, german , dependent on Minster, Prime Minister
Sir Robert Walpole
, 1721 to 42, 1st PM
rebel of clans, chales II
tired, defeated, Scottish help,
Battle of culloden,1746
highland clearnaces, lot of scots left of america
The
Bard
’,
Robert Burns
was a Scottish poet,
Auld Lang Syne, HOgamany new year time
Englitenment-
Adam Smith-economics
Hume- philopshy
James Watt- steam power
Industrail
revolution
Bessmer process- mass production of steel
Railways& ship building industry
Richard Arkwright
- famous for unning factories
James Cook
mapped the coast of Australia
Sake Dean Mahomet
-1st curry house in george street, shampooning, massage head art
Quakers petioned against slavery in 1700s, William Wilberforce
1833 the Emancipation Act
abolished slavery throughout the British Empire
1776 , 13 colonies decalred independecne Ameria and 1783 birtish acceprted indepdnence
War agiainst France
Admiral Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar (1805)
, killed spain & France
HMX Victory, ship in Pitrsmouth
defeat of the Emperor Napoleon by the Duke of Wellington at the
Battle of Waterloo
only france
Iron Duke Wellington
, later became PM
Union Flag
1801 formed by Act of Union
The cross of St
George
, patron saint of England, is a red cross on a white ground.
The cross of St
Andrew
, patron saint of Scotland, is a diagonal white cross on a blue ground.
The cross of St
Patrick
, patron saint of Ireland, is a diagonal red cross on a white ground.
1st flag in 1606, eng & scotland
Victorain Age
1837 to 1901, became queen at 18
13 milion british keft, 120k jews entered
repealing of the Corn Laws in 1846
George and Robert Stephenson
pioneered the railway engine
Brunel
-Great Western Railway, Clifton Suspension bridge
Great Exhibition opened in Hyde Park in the
Crystal Palace
, a huge building made of steel and glass
1853 to 1856, Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia in the
Crimean War
Victoria Cross
Florence Nightingale -medical nursing, born oin Italy
Right to Vote
Reform Act 1832,still only propoerty holders could vote
1987 another reform act by Chartists
1870 & 1882 right for women to keep property
Suffragtes movement
Emmeline Pankhurst
was born in Manchester in 1858
Franchise League
in 1889
Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU)
(1903)
1918, women over the age of 30 were given voting rights and the right to stand for Parliament
1928, women were given the right to vote at the age of 21, the same as men
Boer War
of 1899 to 1902 aginst Netherlands in SA
questioned british empire expansion
Rudyard Kipling
was born in India in 1865
Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907. His books include the Just So Stories and The Jungle Book,
INventions
Televion- Scotsman John Logie Baird 1928, 1933 london glascow first
Radar-Sir Robert Watson-Watt-1935
Sir Bernard Lovell-astronomy
Turing machine is a theoretical mathematical device invented by Alan Turing
John Macleod (1876-1935) was the co-discoverer of insulin
structure of the DNA molecule, London & Cambvridge, Francis Crick nobel prize
Sir Frank Whittlej- jet engine 193os
Sir Christopher Cockerell-hovercraft
Harrier jump jet, an aircraft capable of taking off vertically
James Goodfellow (1937-) invented the cash-dispensing ATMy, 1967 narclays bank
IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) therapy for the treatment of infertility was pioneered in Britain by physiologist Sir Robert Edwards (1925-2013) and gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe
1996, two British scientists, Sir Ian Wilmot (1944-) and Keith Campbell -Dolly cloning
Sir Peter Mansfield (1933-2017), a British scientist, is the co-inventor of the MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
World Wide Web, Sir Tim Berners-Lee (1955-) 1990 www first used
Mary Peters moved to Northern Ireland as a child. She was a talented athlete who won an Olympic gold medal in the pentathlon in 1972
Tudors & Stuarts
Hnery VII
son
Henry VIII
brekaing away from Church of Rome and forming Church of England with King at helm (henry VIII)
6 wives,
catherine of Argin, spanish princess (mary)
Anne Boleyn (executed, elizabeth I)
Jane Seymour (edward)
Anne of Cleves (political reasons)
Catherine Howard (executed, cousin of Anne)
catherine Perr
The reformation
Wales formallu joined English by Act of Govt of Wales
Edward VI
, strong Protestant, Book of Common Prayer
Mary
, stronh Catholic, Bloody Mary became queen
Elizabeth I,
daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boyle became queen
The settlements of Scottish and English Protestants in Ulster (the northern province of Ireland) during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I,-plantations
managed boith cathlic & protestants, no big wars between church of england
1588, spanish armada defated by Elizabeth I, very popular
Scotalnd, protestant,
Mary, Queen of Scots
, weeks old, fled to france, ahndove rto James Vi, kept prisoner by Elizabeth I for 20 years before execution
exploration,
Sir Francis Drake, Golden Hind
around the world, eastern America, patritism,
William Shakespeare
A Midsummer Night’s dream, Hamlet, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet
To be or not to be’ is a line from William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet.
James Vi
of scotalnd becames
James I
of england
King James Version’ or the ‘Authorised Version- transalition into English Bible
Chales I,
protestant,Divine right of KIngs, 11 years without parliament
The English Civil War
scotland invased england, Charles I tried entering house of commons to arrest 5 leaders, led to revolt
Cavaliees
(king supporters) and
Roundheads
(parliament)
Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby, kings army defeate din 1646, and 1649 charles I was executed
Cromwell
fought against scotrland in battle of Battles of Dunbar and Worcester, also went to ireland and defeated
Charles II escaped in a oak tree
commenwealth for 11 years
cromwell son Richard became Lord Protector but couldnt
1660 invited Chalres !! to come back as king
The restoration,
Chalres
II, in power, another plagues
great fire of london, St pauls cathedral rebuult by Sir
Christopher
Wren
,
Samuel
Pepys
wrote about it
Habeaus Corpus law
, no one can be held unlawfully
Royal Socviety form, Edmund Halley & Newton
Newton, Lincollshire born, Cambridge educated, gravity and light made of colors of rainbow
James II of eng, Wales * irleand and James VIII of scotland next
Glorius Revolution
Mary
married
WIlliam of Orange, Netherlands
1688 William of Orange
entered england
power of parliament restored
MacDonalds of Glencoe massacred, supporters of James II were known as jacobites
Battle of the Boyne
celebrated in Northern Ireland-July defated James II
Misc
Ireland became a republic in 1949
There are no 25p coins in the UK currency.
Prime Minister’s Questions takes place every week while Parliament is sitting.
minimum age to drive a car or motorcycle in the UK-17
Peers who are specialists in particular areas, and their knowledge is useful in making and checking laws
Many place names such as Grimsby and Scunthorpe, come from the Viking language
The Speaker is chosen by other MPs in a secret ballot
Young people are sent their National Insurance number just before their 16th birthday
The members of the armed forces cant stand for public office
Anglican Church come into existence-1530s
2009 Citizenship Survey chirtisnas 70%
The Factories Act of 1847 limited the number of hours that women and children could work to 10 hours per day
£10,000 in England and Wales and £3,000 in Scotland and Northern Ireland
The Welfare State
1945 Labour govt,
Clement Attlee
, who promised to introduce the welfare state outlined in the Beveridge Report
1948,
Aneurin (Nye) Bevan
, the Minister for Health, led the establishment of the National Health Service (NHS)
1947, 9 colonies indepndece given
UK developed its own atomic bomb and joined the new North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
Conservative government from 1951 to 1964
Prime Minister of the day, Harold Macmillan, was famous for his ‘wind of change’ speech
William Beveridge (later Lord Beveridge) was a British economist and reformer
five ‘Giant Evils’ of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness and provided the basis of the modern welfare state
R A Butler-education
Education Act 1944 (often called ‘The Butler Act’), introduced free secondary education in England and Wales.
Dylan Thomas was a Welsh poet and writer
Migration in Post-war Britain-WI, Asia, etc
Swinging Sixties
relation to divorce and to abortion
Concerde, france & ENgland ,1960s
Middle
Ages
**
476 to 1485 period
king
Edward
1, Statute of
Rhuddlan
, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England
Conwy and Caernarvon castles, by 15th century no Welsh resistance
1314,
Robert the Bruce
defated english in
Battle of Bannockburn
Ireland around Dublin,
Pale
ruled by british, 1200 AD
Crusades, 100 year war (116 years)
1415, King
Hnery
V defeated French in battle of
Agnicourt
, English left France in 1450
Black
Dreath
1348, /1/3rd died, gentry-large owners of land
Legal & Political changes
1215, King John,
Magna
Carta
(great Charter), king under the law
house of Commons and House of Lords
Scotland; Lords, commons & Clergy
common law in England and codified in Scotland
Distinct identity
park & beuaty- Norman, cow, apple, summer- anglo saxon, mixed to form English
by 1400 english became official language
Geoffrey Chaucer, years till 1400, Canterbury Tales
published by William Caxton, first printing press
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Scots continued gaelic
John Barbour
, who wrote The Bruce about the Battle of Bannockburn.
weavers from France, engineers from Germany, glass manufacturers from Italy and canal builders from Holland.
War of the Roses
1455,
House of Lancaster
(white rose) defeated
House of York (red rode)
Henry Tudor
became king defated Richard III in
1485 Battle of Bosworth
to become
henry VII king
married niece
ELizabeth
of York to combine families
Lats 40 years
West Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands formed the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957
EEC became part of the European Union when it was formed in 1993
UK formally left the European Union on 31 January 2020
Margaret Thatcher was the daughter of a grocer from Grantham in Lincolnshire
Roald Dahl was born in Wales to Norwegian parents
his children’s books
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and George’s Marvellous Medicine
Blair government introduced a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly (now called the Senedd).
Northern Ireland, the Blair government was able to build on the Peace process, resulting in the Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998. The Northern Ireland Assembly was elected in 1999 but suspended in 2002. It was not reinstated until 2007.
Brexit 23rd June 2016
31 January 2020 brexit axctually happened
Anglo
Saxons
attached by Jutes, Angles & Saxons, formed Anglo Saxon empire by 600AD
Sutton Hoo in suffolk burail chamber of king with ship of treasure
west of Wales and Scotland remained free
non chriustians, missionaries came chirstianity, mostly from ireland,
St
Augustine
preached in south and became the 1st Archbishop of Canterbury, Patrick beacme St
PAtron
of Ireland
attacked from northern euopre
The **
Vikings**
first visited in AD
789
KIng
Alfred the
Great
defeated the Vikings
settled in East and North, area known as
Daneslaw
Angle saxons continued to rule except a period were Danish rules, first was
Cnut
/
Canute
north united under 1st king
Kenneth
Macaplin
Norman
Conquest
1066,
Duke
of
Normandy **
Willima
defated
Harold
the Saxon King in Battle of
Hastings**
William became king of England,
William
the Conquerir,
Bayeuz
tapesty
seen in France
Wales not conquered, scotland not fully occupied
Doomsday
book shows people society after Normal Conquest
last succesful invasion, norman french infleunce on english, change in govt & Society sturcture in england
feudalims land, N scotland and Ireland land owned by
Clans
(prominent familes)
20th
century
WW1 start in 1914
Allied Powers, which included (amongst others) France, Russia, Japan, Belgium, Serbia – and later, Greece, Italy, Romania and the United States
Central Powers – mainly Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and later Bulgaria
British attack of the Somme in July 1916, resulted in about 60,000 British casualties on the first day alone
First World War ended at 11.00 am on 11th November 1918 with victory for Britain and its allies.
The partition of Ireland
1913, the British government promised ‘Home Rule’ for Ireland
In 1921 a peace treaty was signed and in 1922 Ireland became two countries.
The conflict between those wishing for full Irish independence and those wishing to remain loyal to the British government is often referred to as ‘the
Troubles
’.
Intra War period
John Maynard Keynes
published influential new theories of economics
writers such as Graham Greene and Evelyn Waugh prominent
BBC started radio broadcasts in 1922 and began the world’s first regular television service in 1936.
During the ‘Great Depression’ in the 1930s the traditional heavy industries such as shipbuilding were badly affected.
Second World War
Churchill
son of a politician and, before becoming a Conservative MP in 1900
evacuation gave rise to the phrase ‘the Dunkirk spirit’.>300k evacuated
the Battle of Britain’, in the summer of 1940
Spitfire and the Hurricane – which were designed and built in Britain
the Blitz
6 June 1944, allied forces landed in Normandy (this event is often referred to as ‘D-Day’).
he Allies comprehensively defeated Germany in May 1945.
Scientists led by New-Zealand-born
Ernest Rutherford
, working at Manchester and then Cambridge University, were the first to ‘split the atom’
Alexander Fleming
penicillin. This was then further developed into a usable drug by the scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
1945 nobel prize in medicine
Renowned People
Sports
UK hosted olympics in 1908,1948 and 2012
paralympic olympics-21012-work of Dr Sir Ludwig Guttman, a German refugee
Roger Barrister- <4mins mile
Sir Jackie Stewart- Scottish F1 world champinship 3 times
Jayne Torvill (1957-) and Christopher Dean (1958-) won gold medals for ice dancing
Sir Steve Redgrave (1962-) won gold medals in rowing in five consecutive Olympic
Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson (1969-) is an athlete who uses a wheelchair and won 16 Paralympic medals,
Dame Kelly Holmes (1970-) won two gold medals for running in the 2004 Olympic Games.
Dame Ellen MacArthur (1976-) is a yachtswoman and in 2004 became the fastest perso
Sir Chris Hoy (1976-) is a Scottish cyclist who has won six gold and one silver Olympic medals
David Weir (1979-) is a Paralympian who uses a wheelchair and has won six gold medals
Dame Jessica Ennis-Hills (1986-) is an athlete. She won the 2012 Olympic gold medal in the heptathlon and silver medal in the 2016 Olympic Games
Ellie Simmonds (1994-) is a Paralympian who won gold medals for swimming at the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Paralympic Games
first professional football clubs were formed in the late 19th century
Rugby originated in England in the early 19th century
two different types of rugby, which have different rules: union and league.
horerisding
Royal Ascot, a five-day race meeting in Berkshire attended by members of the Royal Family;
the Grand National at Aintree near Liverpool;
and the Scottish Grand National at Ayr.
There is a National Horseracing Museum in Newmarket, Suffolk.
Modern tennis evolved in England in the late 19th century. The first tennis club was founded in Leamington Spa in 1872
There are five ski centres in Scotland, as well as Europe’s longest dry ski slope near Edinburgh.
modern tennis late 19th century
modern game of golf can be traced back to 15th century Scotland.
Music
Proms-organised by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) since 1927
Henry Purcell (1659-95) was the organist at Westminster Abbey.
George Frederick Handel-Water Music for King George I and Music for the Royal Fireworks for his son, George II. Messiah
Gustav Holst (1874-1934), whose work includes The Planets
Sir William Walton -Belshazzar’s Feast
Mercury Music Prize is awarded each September for the best album from the UK and Ireland
THeatre
Gilbert and Sullivan wrote comic operas
HMS Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado
Andrew Lloyd Webber
Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita, and also Cats and The Phantom of the Opera.
Edinburgh Festival Fringe (‘the Fringe’). The Fringe is a showcase of mainly theatre and comedy performances.-happens in summer
Laurence Olivier Awards take place annually at different venues in London
British actor Sir Laurence Olivier, late Lord Olivier, who was best known for his roles in various Shakespeare plays.
Art
David Allan (1744-96) was a Scottish painter who was best known for painting portraits.
Turner Prize was established in 1984 and celebrates contemporary art. It was named after Joseph Turne
David Hockney was an important contributor to the ‘pop art’ movement of the 1960s and continues to be influential today.
A landscape painter, most famous for his works of Dedham Vale on the Suffolk-Essex border in the East of England-JohN Constable
Archictecture
Inigo Jones took inspiration from classical architecture to design the Queen’s House at Greenwich and the Banqueting House in Whitehall in London
Sir Christopher Wren helped develop a British version of the ornate styles popular in Europe in buildings such as the new St Paul’s Cathedral
17th century
18th century
Scottish architect Robert Adam influenced the development of architecture in the UK, Europe and America.
Dumfries house, Btah < royal crescent
19th century-gothic, parliament, st pancrastation
20th centurySir edward Lutyens, centopah
Literauture
Sir William Golding, the poet Seamus Heaney, and the playwright Harold Pinter, have won the Nobel Prize in Literature
Man Booker Prize for Fiction is awarded annually for the best fiction novel written by an author from the Commonwealth, Ireland or Zimbabwe. It has been awarded since 1968
Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon were inspired to write about their experiences in the First World War
Roald Dahl is the author of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
Evelyn Waugh wrote satirical novels, including Decline and Fall and Scoop. He is perhaps best known for Brideshead Revisited.
Sir Walter Scott wrote poems inspired by Scotland and the traditional stories and songs from the area on the borders of Scotland and England
Gardening
Kew Gardens, Sissinghurst and Hidcote in England,
Crathes Castle and Inveraray Castle in Scotland,
Bodnant Garden in Wales, and
Mount Stewart in Northern Ireland.
flowers
England – the rose
Scotland – the thistle
Wales – the daffodil
Northern Ireland – the shamrock.
Food
england-roast beef
wales-wales cakes
scotland-haggis
NI-ulster fry
Thomas Chippendale (who designed furniture in the 18th century) to Clarice Cliff (who designed Art Deco ceramics) to Sir Terence Conran (a 20th-century interior designer).
Films
won Oscars include Colin Firth, Sir Antony Hopkins, Dame Judi Dench, Kate Winslet and Tilda Swinton.
brief encounter& lawrence0 Lean
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), directed by Mike Newell
The most famous was Punch, which was published for the first time in the 1840s- Birtish comedy
Films were first shown publicly in the UK in 1896
People over 75 can apply for a free TV licence and blind people can get a 50% discount.
Early Britain
Early
Britain
Stone
Age
Hunter gathers
first farmers 6k years
stonehdedge in Wiltshire, Skara Brae at Oarknery, Scotland
10k years separted from mainland
Bronze
Age
round house and tombs round borrows
4000 years ago
Iron
Age
bigger towns and forts
hill fort Maiden Castle near Dover
celtic language, coins iwth king impression
Romans
Romans
Julius
Caesar
55BC failue
Claudius
43AD succesful
Boudicca
queen of Iceni, tribal leader fought, Westmintser bridge statue, east england
king
hadrian
built hadrian wall to keep Picts out, parts of HOusetteads & vindolands still visible
romans lived for 400 years, christians started coming 3/4th century
Roman army left in 410 AD
`