"Repetition of items (e.g., perceptual patterns, words, concepts, facts, rules, procedures), including perceptual and motor learning and some kinds of memory learning...require a significant amount of practice."
"Such learning is most lasting when it takes place in a variety of contexts and on a schedule that is distributed over time (Koedinger et al., 2012; Pashler et al., 2007). Interactivity and feedback are two affordances that are particularly helpful for supporting these types of learning."
(p 166-167)
Mayer's Principles to Guide Multimedia Learning (p. 188-189) (SOURCE: Mayer (2014))
- Coherence Principle — exclude extra words, pictures, and sounds
- Signaling Principle — use cues that highlight organization of essential material
- Spatial Contiguity Principle — present corresponding words and pictures near each other
- Temporal Contiguity Principle — present corresponding words and pictures simultaneously rather than successively
- Segmenting Principle — include "continue" button to allow user-paced segments
- Pretraining Principle — offer names and characteristics of the main concepts before the main lesson
- Modality Principle — use graphics and narration rather than animation and on-screen text, and at a slower pace
- Multimedia Principle — use words and pictures rather than words alone
- Redundancy Principle — avoid using on-screen text along with graphics and auditory narration
- Personalization Principle — use conversational tone rather than a formal style
- Voice Principle — use a friendly human voice rather than a machine voice
- Image Principle — make decisions about speaker image on multimedia, but absence or presence doesn't impact learning
