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PAVEMENT MATERIALS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - CRUSHED STONE
      - GRAVEL
      - SAND
    - - SLAG
      - RECYCLED
      - MANUFACTURED SAND
  - - - SIZE AND SHAPE
      - SURFACE TEXTURE
      - SPECIFIC GRAVITY
      - POROSITY
      - DENSITY
      - ABSORPTION
    - - HARDNESS
      - TOUGHNESS
      - STRENGTH
      - ABRASION RESISTANCE
    - - REACTIVITY WITH ASPHALT
      - DURABILITY
      - AFFINITY FOR BITUMEN
    - - Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
  - - - QUARRYING
      - MINING
    - - CRUSHING
      - SCREENING
      - WASHING
      - GRADING
  - - - Granular Base
      - Granular Sub-base
    - - Asphalt Concrete
      - Bituminous Macadam
- - - - Limestone Dust
        
        Fly Ash
        
        Silica Fume
        
        Cement Dust
        
        Clay
    - - Wood Ash
        Rice Husk Ash
    - - Plastics
        Rubber
  - - - Enhancing Mix Consistency
        Reducing Segregation
    - - Increasing Binder Adhesion
        Improving Structural Integrity
    - - Resistance to Moisture
        Resistance to Temperature Variations
    - - Reducing Material Costs
        Utilization of Waste Materials
  - - - Particle Size Distribution
      - Specific Surface Area
      - Chemical Composition
      - Reactivity with Binder
      - Environmental Impact
  - - - Interaction with Bitumen
        Effect on Asphalt Rheology
    - - Effect on Mechanical Properties
        Impact on Pavement Lifespan
    - - Cost of Acquisition
        Cost-Performance Ratio
- - - - Characteristics: Surface patterns for better bonding.
        Uses: Common in road construction.
    - - Characteristics: Smooth surface.
        Uses: Less common, used for certain applications.
    - - Characteristics: Coated to resist corrosion.
        Uses: Areas with high exposure to moisture or chemicals.
    - - Characteristics: High resistance to corrosion.
        Uses: High-end projects, marine environments.
  - - - Yield Strength
        Tensile Strength
    - - Importance in longevity
    - - Adhesion to concrete
    - - Ability to withstand deformation
- - - - Penetration Grade Bitumen
      - Modified Bitumen
        
        Polymer Modified Asphalt (PMA)
        
        Rubberized Asphalt
        
        Crumb Rubber Modified (CRM) Asphalt
      - Emulsified Bitumen
        
        Anionic Emulsions
        
        Cationic Emulsions
        
        Slow-Setting, Medium-Setting, and Rapid-Setting Emulsions
      - Cutback Bitumen
        
        Rapid-Curing (RC)
        
        Medium-Curing (MC)
        
        Slow-Curing (SC)
      - Natural bitumen
        
        lake asphalt
        
        rock asphalt
      - Production and Refining
        
        Sources of Bitumen
        
        Crude Oil
        
        Natural Deposits
        
        Refining Process
        
        Distillation
      - oxidised bitumen
      - Performance Characteristics
        
        Durability
        
        Temperature Susceptibility
        
        Rutting Resistance
        
        Fatigue Resistance
        
        Moisture Damage Resistance
      - Testing and Quality Control
        
        Penetration Test
        
        Softening Point Test
        
        Ductility Test
        
        Viscosity Test
    - - TYPE
        
        Coal Tar
        
        Wood Tar
        
        mineral tar
      - Composition and Properties
        
        Viscosity
        
        Adhesion
        
        Temperature Susceptibility
      - Production and Processing
        
        Coal
        
        Wood
        
        sea shells
      - Performance Characteristics
        
        Durability
        
        Flexibility
        
        Resistance to Water and Chemicals
        
        Temperature Performance
      - Environmental Impact
        
        Emissions and Pollutants
        
        PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
        VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
        
        Health Hazards
        
        Carcinogenic Risks