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Psychopathology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Clinical Picture (adhd)
        
        Secondary symptoms
    - - Differentiate
        
        Oppositional Defiant Disorder (clinical picture)
        
        Conduct Disorder (clinical picture)
    - - Externalising Disorders
        
        Aetiological Model
      - Treatment Principles (ADHD)
  - - - Intellectual Disability (ID)
        
        Diagnositic Criteria
        
        Severity Levels
    - - Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
        
        Aetiological Model
        
        Treatment principles
  - - - Aetiology of Internalising Disorders
        
        Bio
        
        Psycho
        
        Social
    - - Types of internalising Disorders in Childern
        
        Depression
        
        Anxiety
  - - - Differentiate
        
        Encopresis
        
        Enuresis
    - - Elimination Disorders
        
        Aetiological Model
  - - - Interrelationship between:
        
        Poverty
        
        Physical health
        
        Mental
        
        Emphasis: risk and protective factors (Eco-systemic perspective)
    - - Developmental Psychopathology
        
        Key concepts
        
        Principles
        
        Assumotions
- - - - Essential features of OCD and BDD
      - Why OCD and BDD are maladaptiv
  - - - Aetiological model for anxiety disorders
    - - Cross-cultural differences
        
        SA variations of presenting anxiety disorders
    - - Describe essential features
        
        Descibe essential features
        
        PTSD
        
        Acute Stress Disorder
        
        Describe psychological factors
        
        Play role in development and maintencance
    - - Treatmeants for PTSD
  - - - Essential features of Panic Disorder
      - Diffferences between subtypes of PA ()
    - - Psychological and biological similarities and differences (Anxiety, fear and panick attack)
    - - Compare and contrast
        
        Symptoms and core identifying features
        
        Social Anxiety
        
        Specific Phobia
        
        Panic Disorder
        
        Separation Anxiety
        
        Generalised Anxiety
        
        Agoraphobia
- - - - Describe the Major Manifestations
        
        Conversion Disorder
        
        Sensory, Motor and Visceral Symptoms
      - Clinical Presentation
        
        Malingering
        
        Factitious Disorders
        
        Relationship to somatoform and dissociative disorders
    - - Somatoform disorders
        
        Identify and define
        
        Distinguish major features (Illness Anxiety Disorder)
    - - Clinical Presentation
        
        Malingering
        
        Factitious Disorders
        
        Relationship to somatoform and dissociative disorders
  - - - Types of Dissociative Disorders
        
        Dissociative Amnersia
        
        Dissociative Fugue
        
        Depersonalisation/Derealisation
        
        Dissociative Identity Disorder
    - - Differents
        
        Derealisation
        
        Depersonalisation
  - - - DD - Cross cultural Influences
        
        Amafufun-yana
        
        Ukuthwasa
    - - Dissociative Disorders
        
        Aetiological Model
- - - - Dementia (Clinical Picture)
        
        Describe the Neuro-cognitive affected by Dementia
    - - Delirium (Clinical picture and diagnosis)
        
        possible cognitive
        
        Emotional changes
  - - - Cross-cultural Perspective (Neuro Cogntive Disorders)
    - - Delirium and Dementia
        
        Aetiological model
- - - - Anorexia Nervosa
        
        Subtypes
    - - Bulimia Nervosa (clinical)
        
        Distinguis from Binge Eating Disorder
    - - Types of Feeding Disorders (clinicall)
        
        Pica
        
        Rumination
  - - - Aetiological Model for Eating Disorders
    - - Cross-cultural perspectives of eating disorder development
- - - - Schizophrenia:
        Syndrome characterized by a psychotic symptoms for a significant portion of the times during a one-month period, and some signs of the disorder for at least a six week period
      - Psychosis: (P233)
        Mental disorder in which the thoughts, affective response, ability to recognise reality, and ability to communicate and relate to others are sufficiently impaired to interfere grossly with capacity to deal with reality. The classical characteristics of psychosis are impaired reality testing, hallucinations, delusions, and illusions.
    - - Positive (Pg 244)
      - Negative (Pg 248)
      - Disorganised (Pg 247)
    - - other psychotic disorders (Pg 253)
      - Major Subtypes:(Pg 249)
- - - - Projective test
      - Personality inventories
      - neurophysiological test for psychological evaluation
    - - CAT (Pg 85)
      - MRI (Pg 85)
      - PET (Pg 85)
    - - Physical examination (Pg 84)
        
        Direct observation in order to access an individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in a specific context
      - Formal Behavaioural assessment (Pg 82)
        
        To determine if it cannot be explained by a medical disorder as some medical disorder may present symptoms similar to those of mental disorders
      - Clinical interview (Pg 80)
        
        The first step of assessment process used by mental health professionals as it allows for the attainment of a diagnosis.
        
        Contains:
        1) detailed description for reason for referral
        2) Detailed history of the patient's life (habits, work and relationships).
        3) Infor about attitudes, emotions, and current and past behavior family history
        4) Info about when problem started, significant events and time
    - - Nature and purpose of Psychiatric diagnosis
      - DSM is used to make an accurate diagnosis
- - - - Psycho:
        
        CBT
      - Combined:
        
        Both if applicable
      - Pharm:
        
        SSRI (inhibits reuptake/absorption of serotonin)
    - - Psycho: Anything within the individual
        
        E.g., Low frustration tolerance, easily angered, low confidence, low-self-esteem, how are their general coping skills, what do we think of their social skills
      - Social: Things around the individual that impact them
        
        E.g., Who do they surround themselves with, what is their family circumstances, what is the financial status of the family, what type of school did they attend. Look at the environment
      - Bio: (Pg 222)
        
        Endocrine (Hormone) and biochemical changes, issues with dysregulation of neurotransmitters. (sleep, appetite, sexual function, endocrine function, arousal, and emotional state) HPA.
        
        Can it be explained by any physical or medical explanation
      - Genetic: (Pg 222)
        
        Linked to major Psychiatric disorders
        
        Women are estimated to have 37% more hereditary prevalence
        
        80% strong genetic basis for Bipolar I and II have .
  - - - Clinical Symptoms (Pg 219; table 7.8)
      - Differentiate between type Bipolar I an II (Pg 216)
    - - Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) (Pg 213)
      - MDD (Pg 210)
    - - Manic episode (Pg 217)
        
        Bipolar I (Pg 216)
        
        Mostly high with one lifetime experience of manic episode, with/ without at least one depressive episode
      - Hypomanic (Pg 217)
        
        Bipolar II (Pg 216)
        
        At least one lifetime experience of a hypomanic episode and one or more major depressive episodes
    - - Bipolar Mood Disorder
      - Cyclothymic disorder (P219)
- - - - Group of substances (Type)
    - - SImilarities
        
        Addiction to substances
        
        Addiction to Behaviours
    - - Different Levels of Substances
        
        Intoxication
        
        Dependency
        
        Abuse
        
        Withdrawal
  - - - Substance abuse
        
        Aetiological model
      - Discuss potential for addition
    - - Cross-cultural SA perspective (Substance Abuse)
- - - - Gender Dysphoria
        
        How does it manifest at different developmental stages
    - - Different Paraphilic Disorders
    - - Different Sexual Dysfunction
  - - - Sexual Dysfunction
        
        Aetiological
- - - - Humanistic and existential
      - Community Psych
      - Cogntive-behavioural
      - Political
      - Behavioural/learning
      - Cultural + Cross-cultural
      - Psychological
      - Religious
      - Psychological
      - Biopsychosocial
      - Biomedical
      - Diathesis-stress
- - - - Borderline Personality Disorder
        
        Aetiological Model
    - - Development of Personality function and dysfunction
        
        Influence from 5 dimensions
    - - Clinical Pictures of Personality Disorders
- - - - HPCSA role
        
        Ensure ethical conduct in health and behavioural medicine disciplines
    - - Discuss Mental Health Care Act (No.17 of 2002)
      - Discuss Traditional Health Practioners Act (No. 35 of 2004)
    - - Prerequisites for ethical conduct
      - outline concept "ethical behaviour"