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Altered hormonal and metabolic function - Coggle Diagram
Altered hormonal and metabolic function
Damage to hypothalamic pituitary axis
Panhypopituitarism
Cushing Syndrome
Clinical manifestations : Excess secretion of glucocorticoids. glucose imbalance, obesity, muscle weakness, striae
Treatment: Tumor removal, corticosteroids
Diagnostic criteria: 24 hour urine cortisol level, excess ACTH
impairment of endocrine gland
Hypothyroidism
Clinical Manifestations: Myxedema, fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, bradycardia
Diagnostic criteria: Elevated TSH, free T4, total T4, T3 uptake thyroid autoantibodies, antithyroglobulin
Treatment: Levothyroxine
cell receptor damage
decreased number of receptors
lack of receptor sensitivity to hormone
presence of antibodies that block receptor sites or occupy the receptor site and mimic the hormone
Tumor cells with receptor activity the deprives the unaffected cells of the hormone
Graves disease
Clinical manifestations : Weight loss, sweating, heat intolerance, diarrhea, tachycardia, heart palpitations
Goiter
Exophthalmos
Diagnostic criteria
Based on family history and physical examination
TSH level, free thyroxine
Treatment: Radioactive iodine, thyroid hormone blockers, thyroid ablation
Thyrotoxicosis
Impaired negative feedback
Tumor
Commonly affect ADH and ACTH
Treatment, removal of tumor
Damage to metabolism and elimination mechanisms
May happen with liver or kidney disease
Addison's Disease
Diagnostic criteria: ACTH stimulation test, cortisol level
Clinical Manifestations: Fatigue, weight loss, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, inadequate cortisol response
Treatment: Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement
Inadequate amount of hormone production and secreted
Diabetes insipidus
Clinical manifestations: Polyuria, Polydipsia
Diagnostic criteria: Serum solute concentration, ADH levels, Urine specific gravity
Treatment: Hydration, desmopressin
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Diagnostic criteria: Serum sodium <135mEq/L, Hypotonicity, decreased urine volume, concentrated urine with a high sodium content, absence of renal, adrenal or thyroid abnormalities
Treatment: water restriction, isotonic/hypertonic IV
Clinical manifestations: Hyponatremia
Initially: anorexia, nausea, disorientation, muscle cramps, weakness
Severe: psychosis, gait disturbances, seizures, coma
Impaired production of hormone in gland
Hypopituitarism
Hyperpituitarism
Target cell response to hormone
Hormone produced ectopically