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Causation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Hotson v East Berkshire Health Authority- cannot claim for loss of chance when under 50% in personal injury (also in medical negligence)
      - Allied Maples Group v Simmons & Simmons- can claim for loss of chance in pure economic loss, if there was a real and substantial chance in it coming to fruition
  - - - Bonnington Castings v Wardlaw- if cumulative causes are working together and the tortious cause males a 'more than negligible contribution'/material difference, the material contribution test is satisfied
      - Bailey v MoD- also used for medical negligence where causes are unclear, if treatment was a more than negligible cause, then it will satisfy the material contribution test
    - - McGhee v National Coal Board Trust- Not cumulative, the tortious act must materially increase the risk on the balance of probabilities
      - Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services- where multiple employers expose C to dust causing disease, if they can prove one employer materially increased the risk/exposure, they can claim everything against one employer (the employer may claim joint contributions)