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Pathophysiology of ventilation and diffusion by mechanism of alteration -…
Pathophysiology of ventilation and diffusion by mechanism of alteration
Asthma: Chronic swelling and inflammation in the airway tissues
Causes
Family History
Obesity
Allergies: Dust mites, Pet dander
Smoking
Treatment
Inhaled corticosteroids
Combination inhalers
No cure for Asthma: goal is to have long-term control to prevent flares
Will need to have quick relief asthma inhalers when sudden flares occur
Symptoms
Shortness of breath
Wheezing when exhaling
Coughing or wheezing that increases with Respiratory virus or infection
Cystic Fibrosis
Symptoms: Vary depending on level of severity
Resp Symptoms
Thick Mucus
Persistent cough
Repeated Lung infections
Digestive Symptoms
Poor growth/Weight gain
Intestinal blockage
Chronic or sever constipation
Often diagnosed as newborn before symptoms develop
Treatment
There is no Cure
Preventing infection/early treatment of infection
Medications: Anti-inflammatory, Bronchodilators, Mucus thinning
Causes
Affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices
Inherited disorder / Defect in gene mutation
Chronic Bronchitis
Symptoms: Worsen as disease progresses
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Coughing
Treatment
Medications: Oral medication to decrease mucus
Inhaled medications to decrease swelling of bronchial tissue
Lifestyle change: Stop Smoking
o2 support as needed as disease progresses
Causes
Most common causes is cigarette smoking
Chromic infections
Form of COPD
Frequent exposure to air pollution: fumes, chemicals smog causing inflammation in bronchial lining
Pneumonia : Lung infection
Treatment
Viral Pneumonia will most often resolve on own: Symptom management and treatment. Fever reduction medications, Cough medication
Supplemental O2 if needed due to fluid build up in lungs causing poor ventilation and perfusion
Treat the underlying cause: Antibiotics, Anti-fungal. Anti-Viral
Causes : Occurs when one of these enters through mouth or nose
Fungi
Bacteria
Streptococcus (most common Bacteria)
Viruses
Can be triggered by other infections ie: Flu or Covid
Symptoms
Viral Pneumonia: Influenzas Virus, RSV COVID May resemble common cold at first
Fungi: Cryptococcus most common
Bacteria Pneumonia: More sever symptoms and quicker onset
Fever
Shortness of breath
Productive cough: Yellow or green sputum
Rapid heart rate
Congestion/Cough
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS
Symptoms: Quick onset and often life threatening
Low O2 levels
Low blood pressure
Sever shortness of breath: Frequently requires ventilatory support
Confusion: Altered tissue perfusion of o2 to the brain
Treatment
O2 support/Mechanical Ventilation
Medications: Antibiotics, Pain, Prevent blood clots
IV Fluids: to support other organs. Must be careful to not give to much that can cause fluid build up in lungs
Causes : Can be from any injury direct or indirect to the lungs
Trauma: Can be indirect or direct to lungs
Aspiration of fluids into lungs
Sepsis: Infection that attacks multiple organs
Inhalation of harmful substances
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease : Air gets trapped in lungs due to lost of elastosis of the alveoli
Causes
Exposure to fumes, chemical gasses
Genetics
Smoking / or frequent exposure to smoke
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema are forms of COPD
Symptoms
Chest tightness
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Frequent resp infections
Treatments
Bronchodilators: Relax muscles around airway helps relieve coughing and shortness of breath
Inhaled steroids: reduces inflammation in the lungs
Quit Smoking or prevent exposure to smoke
Emphysema : damaged alveoli resulting in decreased o2 in the bloodstream
Symptoms
Shortness of breath: gradual onset
Wheezing
Low o2 saturates
Causes
Smoking
Air pollution
Chemical fumes
Treatment
Supplemental O2: to help increase the o2 in the blood stream
Surgical intervention/ Lung transplant
Medications to treat and support lung function