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How does politics influence the establishment of educational (in)equity…
How does politics influence the establishment of educational (in)equity and the priorities of teaching and learning throughout the history of schooling in the United States?
Colorism, How skin color can sometimes play a role in the quality of education you can obtain .
"They forget that their fundamental objective is to fight alongside the people for the recovery of the people's stolen humanity." (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 25)
1917 - Army Alpha & Beta Test, were later on used to screen immigrants entering the U.S. They did not want to let you in if you were found to be "genetically inferior." How were European vs non-European immigrants treated when it came to this test? I feel like there was predetermined stereotypes about certain ethnic groups.
1946 - Mendez v Westminister, presents some room about how colorism can play a role in the educational opportunities you can get. One of the children was lighter skin Mexican-American and was able to get the "better school" while the other darker skinned child was not treated the same. This continues to be a problem within the Mexican community.
The type of education and career opportunities were pre-determined for some groups of people. Mexican-Americans -> Industrial education, Native Americans -> prepare them for the labor market, and African Americans -> domestic science and manual labor
Sometimes people of color feel like the only way to succeed and "move up the ladder" is by gaining access to spaces with majority white people
White Retribution, How White people have historically blocked actions towards educational equity and contributed to physical and emotional abuse of Brown and Black people -- with no consequences.
We must work to encourage those who have been oppressed, away from this "colonized mentality," where freedom is seen when you begin to oppress other people. (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 26)
"Privileged students are often downright unwilling to acknowledge that their minds have been colonized, that they have been learning how to be oppressors, how to dominate, or at least how to passively accept the domination of others." (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 26)
1916 - Stanford Revision of Binet-Simon Scale, Using this measurement to screen immigrants and discriminate against those found to be "genetically inferior"
1925 - Tennessee v John Scopes (Monkey Trial), evolution not deemed appropriate to teach as part of the science curriculum.
The Tennessee v John Scopes case makes me think about the Florida book ban. People in positions of high power who decided what is appropriate and what is not appropriate to include in our schools -- there should be more input from educators
scared of any sort of integration -- Is there a fear of people of color performing better? getting the same opportunities as white folks?
College prep has historically been most accessible to white, affluent folks, while people of color are pushed more towards industrial careers
Americanization, How Americanization/Deculturalization has contributed to educational inequity.
In order to shift away from deculturalization, we must work toward an empowering education, which is more student-centered, where there is more value on a student's personal and public life growth. There is an emphasis on a multicultural democracy. (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 29)
We should be teaching in a way where we are EMPOWERING students. (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 35)
1931 - Alvarez v Lemon Grove CA School District, a school district in San Diego tried to have separate schooling for Mexican-Americans, so they can "Americanize," it was the first successful school desegregation
There seems to be a pattern that when there are is a high number of immigrants coming to a certain state/city, they try to separate then from other white American children throughout history, even today --- in a way where zip code dictates what school you will be able to attend
1948 - McCollum v Board of Education, time off not being allowed from school due to religious purposes contributes to Americanization -- the only holidays that are respected are those strictly to the U.S -- even though the U.S. is a continually growing diverse society. Now, we have months dedicated to certain people and have shifted away from certain language used (winter break instead of Christmas break), but this is not applicable everywhere still
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No acknowledgment of Jewish holidays/not allowed to be brought up in schools, even though most of the population was Jewish--- yet it was okay to talk about and do activities around Christian holidays at school
Progressives saw school as a way to preserve the "American" way of life and not have so much influence of other cultures. This was done through the subjects and lessons that were compulsory
Compulsory Action Steps, Stripping away culture at school
Social reproduction, How curriculum promotes compliance in our education and most educational systems and structures continue to influence educational inequity
In order to stop social reproduction, a problem-posing education is the teacher working alongside the student to exchange knowledge. They are both working together for the transformation of education. (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 24)
According to McLaren there are three types of knowledge: technical knowledge, practical knowledge, and emancipatory knowledge; yet in schools there is only an emphasis on technical knowledge -- Knowledge that can be measured and quantified like the IQ and SATs. (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 32)
McLaren's critical pedagogy framework works against the social reproduction in schools; he invited educators to be self-reflective and raise awareness of their own biases, of how "they are sometimes complicit in over-valuing certain ways of talking, acting, and dressing and certain language practices and values." (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 33)
1916 - Stanford Revision to Binet-Simon Scale, Measure intelligence and provides you an IQ score that compares your intelligence to other individuals. It was used to determine who was worthy of leadership roles and those who would do more manual labor as they were not smart enough for school.
Standardized measurements like the Binet-Simon Scale and SATs is that technical knowledge that is highly emphasized all across education K-12 & higher education. In our current society these type of tests, specifically SATs and graduate entrance exams determine the type of education, sometimes even job opportunities you get, which I feel is unfair because passing/scoring high in these tests is all about the accessibility of tutors, prep books you can get in some cases. This makes me think of Ivy Leagues that can guarantee you entryway to a high-paying job just by the name of the school or legacy students that get an admissions without going through the true process of college admissions
1905 - Adoption of the Carnegie Unit, standardized high school education, where seat time is correlated to learning.
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Manual Training & Industrial education was targeted for immigrants, people of color, and/or low-income people