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Classification of Halogen Derivatives - Coggle Diagram
Classification of Halogen Derivatives
Based on the
number of halogen atoms
present:
Monohalogen derivatives:
When
one hydrogen atom
of alkane is
substituted
by
a halogen atom
E.g. Methyl Chloride, Ethyl bromide
Polyhalogen derivatives:
When
more than one hydrogen atoms
of an alkane is
substituted
with
substituent halogen atoms
Dihalogen derivatives:
When
2 hydrogen atoms
of an alkane are
substituted
with
2 halogen atoms
Geminal di-halides:
2 identical halogen atoms are attached to the same carbon
Terminal
:
2 identical halogen atoms
attached
to the
terminal
carbon
CH3-CHCl2
, 1,1 Dichloro-ethane
Non- terminal
:
2 identical halogen atoms
attached
to a
non-terminal carbon
CH3-C Cl2- CH3
, 2,2, Dichloro- propane
Vicinal di-halides:
2 identical halogen atoms attached to adjacent carbons
CH3- CHCl-CHCl-CH3
, 2,3, Dichloro- butane
Alpha, omega di-halides:
2 identical halogen atoms attached to the first and last carbons of the chain
or terminal carbons
CH2Cl- CH2-CH2Cl
, 1,3-Dichloropropane
Trihalogen derivatives:
When
3 hydrogen atoms
of an alkane are
substituted
by
3 halogen atoms
E.g. CHCl3 (Chloroform), CHI3 (Iodoform)
Tetrahalogen derivatives:
When
4 hydrogen atoms
of the alkane are
substituted
by
4 halogen atoms
E.g. CCl4, CBr4
Based on the
hybridization
of the C-X bond:
Compounds containing
SP3 hybridization C-X
:
Alkyl halides:
Halogen bonded to an alkyl group
Primary
alkyl halide:
halogen
atom
linked
to
primary carbon atom
R–CH2–X
Secondary
alkyl halide:
halogen
atom liked to a
secondary
carbon atom
R- CH(R')- X
Tertiary
alkyl halide:
halogen
atom linked to a
tertiary carbon atom
R- C(R')(R'')-X
Allylic halides:
The allylic group: CH2=CH-CH2- X
The
halogen
is bonded to
SP3
hybridized
carbon
next to a carbon-carbon double bond
E.g. H2C = CH – CH2 – Br (3-Bromopropene)
May be
primary, secondary or tertiary
in nature
Benzylic halides:
halogen
atom is bonded to an
sp3 –
hybridised carbon next to an aromatic ring
May be primary, secondary or tertiary in nature:
Compounds containing
SP2 hybridized C-X
:
Vinyl/ Vinylic halides:
Halogen
is bonded to
SP2
hybridized carbon of the
carbon- carbon double bond
Vinyl group: CH2=CH-X
Aryl halides:
Halogen
bonded to
SP2 hybridized carbon of the aromatic ring
(i.e. directly attached to the ring)
Compounds containing SP hybridized C-X:
Halogen
atom is bonded to
sp – hybridised
carbon atom of a carbon – carbon
triple
bond
Forms
halo-alkynes
E.g.
HC ≡ CCl