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salts and prep, crystallisation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - making an insoluble salt by reacting two soluble salts together
        (list cations and anions present with their charges then use solubility table to determine which salts combine with which salts)
    - - mix two solutions together and stir
        
        filter out the precipitate using funnel and filter paper
        
        wash residue with distilled water
        
        dry between sheets of filter paper
    - - to find out the reagents to pick always think about nitrates and group 1 salts as they are always soluble
  - - - to get starting reagents u need dilute acid and an insoluble base.
        
        for dilute acid always use Hydrogen as the reagent
        
        for insoluble base most of the time can use carbonate else refer to table
    - - warm a sample of the acid in a beaker and add excess of the insoluble reactant (to ensure that all the acid has completely reacted)
        
        stir to ensure complete reaction
        
        filter out the excess reactant using filter paper and fuilter funnel and collect filtrate
        
        to obtain crystals:
        
        heat the filtrate in a evaporating dish till saturation is reached.
        
        allow the solution to cool
        
        1 more item...
        
        to obtain powder:
        
        heat filtrate in an evaporating dish till dryness
    - - if this method were to be used to prepare an insoluble salt, the salt produced will form a protective layer over the insoluble reactant, preventing any further reaction
  - - - use a pipette to measure a vol of the acid and trasfer this sol to a conical flask
        
        add a few drops of indicator
        
        use a burette, add the alkali or carbonate until indicator changes colour
        
        note the volume of alkali or carbonate required for this complete neutralisation
        
        repeat the titration, without indicator, stop burette when reading reaches the same level (the indicator contaminates the salt)
- - - - evaporate till dryness
      - dissolve in water
      - dissolve in water
    - - salts in this form contain water
        molecules trapped in its structure
      - heat gently
  - - - all soluble
    - - insoluble: lead(II) (Pb) and silver (Ag)
    - - insoluble: calcium (Ca) lead(II) (Pb) and barium (Ba)
    - - soluble: group 1, ammonium (NH4)
    - - soluble: group 1, ammonium(NH4), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca)