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Memory, IMG_0429 - Coggle Diagram
Memory
Cognitive Interviews
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Why?
- they encourage witness to recreate event through open qs
- retrieval cues improve memory recall
- gives witness time
- interviewer should remain calm
C - Cognitive - extrernal + internal context (think/feel) may provide EWT’s
O - Order - change order, before x what happened? May get witness to recall info through diff route
P - Perspective - ask witness to recall from diff perspectives e.g what did x see?
E - Everything - stress that witness should report everything even if it seems pointless as it may promt important events
✅ Köhnken (1999) meta analysis showed that CI produce 41% more accurate recall than standard interview
❌ time consuming- police reluctant to use CI in fast paced cases as it is very time consuming in comparison to standard interview, also CI takes time + money to specifically train interviewers
Types of LTM
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Procedural - memories of actions, skills, or how we do things, 'muscle memory' riding a bike
Semantic - memories that contain our knowledge of the world, factual info e.g the taste of an orange
Coding, Capacity & Duration
Coding - the format in which memories are stored e.g semantically / acoustically
Baddely (1975) - acoustically/ semantically similar/ diff word lists
❌ artificial stimuli, low mundane realism can’t be applied to real life
Capacity - the amount of information a store can hold
Miller (1956) noticed everyday things are chunked in 7s e.g days of week, deadly sins
Jacob’s (1887) - ideal = 7
❌ lacks validity - old study confounding v
❌ Cowan suggests not so many chunks
Duration - how long a memory store can hold a memory for
Peterson + Peterson - stm 30 secs
Bahrick - ltm years - high school photo recall
Walsh & Thompson - capacity of iconic store in sensory register is up to 500 milliseconds
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Working memory model
Baddely & Hitch (1979)
Central executive: Co-ordinates the activities of the three subsystems in the STM, allocates processing resources to those systems.
Phonological loop: Deals with auditory info + preserves order it arrives in. phonological store- stores words you hear articulatory loop - allows maintenance rehearsal
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Visuo-spatio sketchpad: Processes visual and spatial information in a mental space. often referred to as our ‘inner eye’. Logie (1995) divided into visual cache - stores visual data & inner scribe - records the arrangement of objects in the visual field
Episodic buffer: added by Baddeley : temporary store of info, integrates info processed by other stores + maintains a sense of time sequencing - recording episodes as they happen, links working memory to LTM + wider cognitive processes
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✅ dual task performance - Baddeley (1995) found that pp had more difficulty performing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter f) than a visual and verbal task simultaneously. this is because visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas with two different slave systems there is no competition
❌ lack of clarity over the central executive - Baddeley claims it is too simplistic to just be labelled as having the purpose of 'attention' its possible there are multiple components
✅ Shallice & Warrington(KF) supports because he could create new long term memories which is neglected by MSM
his visual STM was intact, his verbal was poor - showing the splits of the STM
❌ not always useful with children as it requires lots of deeper cognitive thinking + may include difficult questions for children like recalling from diff perspectives. Children may get bored/ tired therefore lower accuracy
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