RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ETHICS

RESEARCH ECOSYSTEM

Doctoral students

Faculty

Research associates

Funding agencies

State government

Central government

Industry

External institutes

Post graduate students

RESEARCH CYCLE

  1. Carry out research
  1. Analysis research results
  1. Design research study
  1. Publishing research results
  1. Identify research area

WHY RESEARCH MISCONDUCT HAPPEN?

Institutional failures of oversight

Commercial conflicts of interest

Career and funding pressures

Competition for grants

IMPACTS OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT

Cause the public to lose confidence in the ability and integrity of researchers

Erode trust between researchers and funding agencies

Difficulties for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants

SCIENTIFIC WRITING

Must be adherence to ethical guidelines

ETHICAL ISSUES

Plagiarism

Authorship

  • to avoid any scientific misconduct
  • to achieve success with research publication

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FORM OF PLAGIARISM

International plagiarism

Self- plagiarism or text recycling

Duplicate publication

copies text from the other author without giving credit

Author copies large part of text from previous papers

Author submits previously published work for publication as an original work

WHY DO AUTHORS RESORT TO PLAGIARISM

Tremendous pressure to publish their research and advance their career

click to edit

Language barriers causing
difficulty in writing in English

Lack of time to write a paper

Lack of appropriate writing skills

HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM IN
SCIENTIFIC WRITING?

Acknowledge contributions of others & source of ideas

Enclose in quotation marks the text taken from another author

Paraphrase / summarize text taken into your own word

Reproduce text with same meaning of other author ideas & use own sentences

Take help of competent scientific writing service

Use plagiarism checking website / software

TYPES OF AUTHORSHIP ABUSE IN SCIENTIFIC WRITING

  • Coercion authorship: Senior pressurizes junior to include their name on paper that they haven't contributed enough
  • Honorary, guest or gift authorship: Award authorship to a well known colleague to acknowledge friendship / gain favor
  • Mutual support authorship: 2 or more investigators place their names on each other's paper to enhance productivity
  • Ghost authorship: Actual author's name is not included in the paper
  • Denial of authorship: Publish paper without providing authorship to people who made contributions to the work

HOW TO AVOID AUTHORSHIP ABUSE IN SCIENTIFIC WRITING

Define role of each person writing on the
project before writing the paper

Clarify authorship expectations

List authors on manuscript, ensure
they meet the following criteria:

Made significant contributions (collection/analysis/data interpretation)

Drafted the manuscript or revised critically

Gave final approval of the version to be published

Acquisition of funds, collection of data, and general supervision of research group do not qualify for authorship

FABRICATION: Making up data or results and recording or reporting them

FALSIFICATION: Manipulate research materials/equipment/processes/change/omitting data/results that the research is not accurately represented in research record

DATA OWNERSHIP

SIMULTANEOUS SUBMISSION:
submitting manuscript that is already submitted and still under consideration at another journal

DUPLICATE SUBMISSION: Publication of paper that similar to a published paper by the same author without acknowledging the source

SALAMI PUBLICATION: Publishing each one separately to increase total publication count

INFORMED CONSENT

The person who is invited to be part of the research understands both benefits and risks involved

They should now the details of the research: when where, how long, methods

Name included in publications

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

• The researcher has financial, personal or other interests that could interfere with professional judgement and ability to stay objective in decision making.

Financial: monetary rewards

Scientific: Bias in scientific interest

Personal relationship: Due to a close relationship between parties involved

Personal Believe/ ideology: Competing interest with personal ideologies

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