RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ETHICS
RESEARCH ECOSYSTEM
Doctoral students
Faculty
Research associates
Funding agencies
State government
Central government
Industry
External institutes
Post graduate students
RESEARCH CYCLE
- Carry out research
- Analysis research results
- Design research study
- Publishing research results
- Identify research area
WHY RESEARCH MISCONDUCT HAPPEN?
Institutional failures of oversight
Commercial conflicts of interest
Career and funding pressures
Competition for grants
IMPACTS OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
Cause the public to lose confidence in the ability and integrity of researchers
Erode trust between researchers and funding agencies
Difficulties for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants
SCIENTIFIC WRITING
Must be adherence to ethical guidelines
ETHICAL ISSUES
Plagiarism
Authorship
- to avoid any scientific misconduct
- to achieve success with research publication
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FORM OF PLAGIARISM
International plagiarism
Self- plagiarism or text recycling
Duplicate publication
copies text from the other author without giving credit
Author copies large part of text from previous papers
Author submits previously published work for publication as an original work
WHY DO AUTHORS RESORT TO PLAGIARISM
Tremendous pressure to publish their research and advance their career
click to edit
Language barriers causing
difficulty in writing in English
Lack of time to write a paper
Lack of appropriate writing skills
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM IN
SCIENTIFIC WRITING?
Acknowledge contributions of others & source of ideas
Enclose in quotation marks the text taken from another author
Paraphrase / summarize text taken into your own word
Reproduce text with same meaning of other author ideas & use own sentences
Take help of competent scientific writing service
Use plagiarism checking website / software
TYPES OF AUTHORSHIP ABUSE IN SCIENTIFIC WRITING
- Coercion authorship: Senior pressurizes junior to include their name on paper that they haven't contributed enough
- Honorary, guest or gift authorship: Award authorship to a well known colleague to acknowledge friendship / gain favor
- Mutual support authorship: 2 or more investigators place their names on each other's paper to enhance productivity
- Ghost authorship: Actual author's name is not included in the paper
- Denial of authorship: Publish paper without providing authorship to people who made contributions to the work
HOW TO AVOID AUTHORSHIP ABUSE IN SCIENTIFIC WRITING
Define role of each person writing on the
project before writing the paper
Clarify authorship expectations
List authors on manuscript, ensure
they meet the following criteria:
Made significant contributions (collection/analysis/data interpretation)
Drafted the manuscript or revised critically
Gave final approval of the version to be published
Acquisition of funds, collection of data, and general supervision of research group do not qualify for authorship
FABRICATION: Making up data or results and recording or reporting them
FALSIFICATION: Manipulate research materials/equipment/processes/change/omitting data/results that the research is not accurately represented in research record
DATA OWNERSHIP
SIMULTANEOUS SUBMISSION:
submitting manuscript that is already submitted and still under consideration at another journal
DUPLICATE SUBMISSION: Publication of paper that similar to a published paper by the same author without acknowledging the source
SALAMI PUBLICATION: Publishing each one separately to increase total publication count
INFORMED CONSENT
The person who is invited to be part of the research understands both benefits and risks involved
They should now the details of the research: when where, how long, methods
Name included in publications
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
• The researcher has financial, personal or other interests that could interfere with professional judgement and ability to stay objective in decision making.
• Financial: monetary rewards
• Scientific: Bias in scientific interest
• Personal relationship: Due to a close relationship between parties involved
• Personal Believe/ ideology: Competing interest with personal ideologies
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT: Copyrighted work is reproduced, distribute, performed, publicly displayed without the permission of the copyright owner.