TUDOR ARGUMENTS:

the Great Matter 1

HENRY VII

AUTHORITY

Who presented the greatest threat to the Crown

rebellions -3

nobility -1

pretenders -2

Henry dealt with their power

bonds and recognansnes

act of retainer and resummption 1486

many of them was Yorkist supporters made it harder to gain popularity but they were dealt with - putting his reign a date before bosworth - makes those treason so they loose power

neither rebellions posed a significant threat as they weren't agaisnt Henry but rather financal measures put in place

also were quashed very easily - made he leaders paid a fine let the others go -gained £15,000 from it executed some leaders also allowed hm to execute warbeck

warbeck and simnel directly against H on the throne

Yorkist supports

had international support from margret of Murgundy and scotland

but they were dealt with

warbeck was a sustained threat but was dealt with eventually protectng his reign.

QUESTIONS:

‘Henry VII had successfully established monarchical authority by 1509.’

Limiting the threat of pretenders

Domestic policy of law and order

Marriage Alliances through foreign policy

through these policies it allowed for Europe to recognise England and gain respect for England - this as a result improved his authority. through countries seeking marriage alliances with Henry it showed that countries found benefits to being in an alliance with England showing he established his authority

Examples: Medina del campo - established the succession of the crown brought together a powerful country like Spain and England together. treaty said that Spain can't harbour any pretenders. also brought arthur and CoA together.

treaty of Ayton 1497, brought together Margret and James - improved Anglo-Scottish relations - peace treaty. brought them together stopped the usage of pretenders. this shows that Scotland realised England could be a threat and so signed a peace treaty.

some may argue that Henry had established his authority through handling the pretenders but this was only possible through the use of treaties like intercursus magnus stopped pretenders...

Also marrige with elizabeth brought the 2 houses together.

pretenders were a direct threat to the throne as their aim was to remove Henry from the throne. by handling pretenders he was able to show his force and authority as he was directly removng threats. increasing his authority diretly as hewas showing tha he had the strength and capabilty to do so.

EXAMPLES:

Battle of stoke - 1487 able to prove that he was able that he couldn't be defeated in battle. shows his authroity and it put an end to the war of the roses. parading the earl of warwick nd putting simnel to work in the kitches showed his authority as it allowed to show that he had a way of dealing with pretenders that didn't put a threat to the throne. it showed his authroity as by putting simnel in the kitchesn he immediatly reduced the threat and showed others what would happen if they were to go against Henry.

Causes of rebellions

taxation

involvement of the pretenders

tension between reginal and central

Rebellion vs Pretenders as a threat

pretenders 2 paragraphs

1 on rebellion

pretenders were a direct threat to the crown

they had foreign support from influential people who had posed a threat to Henry

they had some threat as they had marched towards London. but they didn't aim to get to London as well as this the pretenders had joined in the rebelions ie waebeck in cornish - amplifiyed the threat. rebellions were a short term threat that had been handled easily wheras some pretenders had long term threat such as Warbeck for 9 years.

How successful in consolidation/ reasons for success

Foreign treaties -1

Pretenders -2

Rebellions -3

overall foreign treaties were one of the most successful as it was through these he was able to shut down internatonal support for pretenders who provided a threat. then pretenders as they had a threat to the throne and by shutting them through the treaties allowed him to gain consolidation and punishing people in chege. then rebellions as they didnt pose a threat directly against him but by quashing them quckly alloed for his consoldation to increase as people saw him as a threat

Order vs disorder in society

rebellions

fp + peace

legal reforms in govt which led to order within society

Henry VIII

RELIGION

Why was the Catholic Church criticised

corruption

the legal privilege / anticleticialsm

reasons to dissolve the monasteries

dissolived to end papal loyalty - give H control

wealth (crown finances)

End the corruption within the churches

reasons for change in religion

1534 - Act of Supremacy

Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533)

all legal matters including religious were to be dealt in England and couldn't be appealed to the Pope

made H the leader of the CoE pope became insignificant

dissolution of the monesteries lesser 1535and then greater one later

Valor Ecclesiasticus - allowed to see how much wealth monesteries. decided which ones to close down.

condemnation of supersttions were artiles and book condeming catholic practices

10 artcles 1536 bishops book 1537

Act of first fruits and thenths church renue to go to crown

change in who was chief minister wolswy to cromwell -2

the Great Matter 1

Alternative thinking -3

protestant reformation in Germany Martin Luther

Lollards end of Henry 7

scholars from Europe brought some influence esepcially for Henry - John skelton tutor

needed an anulment which pope wasn't given

catholic meant pope was needed for annulment n1527

only way to get a divorce was to change religion to make sure the Pope couldn't have control

Anne pregnant needed an heir so had to make sure the child was legitamate

Wolsey was Papel legate had ties wth the catholic church made reform harder to do

cromwell was a protestant wanted a change being chif minister allowed him to do so

since wolsey downfall was through not securing the annullment showed henry and cromwell that this wouldnt be possible with the pope and had to find another solution ie break with rome.

Extent of change

doctrinal changes -1

church structure

monasteries

introduction of the 6 articles in 1539 brought aspects of catholic back ie transubstantiation

though the act of supremacy in 1534 stopped ties with the Pope, the difference is that Henry became the leader as apposed to the Pope.

worth noting that the aim of the act of supremacy wasn't to change the religion but to gain an annullment and have a legitamate male heir

'Henry VIII made himself head of the church but little else changed. Assess the value

Point 1 - doctrinal changes

it can be strongly argued that there was little change in doctrinal changes

especially after the death of Cromwell in 1540.

act of supremecy broke ties with rome but made Henry in charge instead

worth noting that it was speciffically for the need in change of religion but ut was so that hecould get anannullment and have a male heir.

it can be argued that there some aspects of change

through the english bible and the 10 articles

this argument fails to acknowledge that ths was short term and that the death of cromwell meant that these didn't last long and that there were shifts back to catholic through the 6 articles whuch brought back aspects of transubstantiation.

monesteries 2

political changes - cromwell gone - head of church H

there were changes through the dissolution of the monesteries

through the end of 1534 there were more than 2000 gentry - shows a widening gap between society. wider class range.

this was due to the crown selling Church land

A clear example of this widening of the classes was the pilgrimage of grace 1536. had economic issues in the long run which they wanted to solve

led to enclosure with the peasants making them worse off

aspects of change from long term problems which the dissolution had amplified a

amicable grant support this

dissolutuon exagerated an already existing issue

click to edit

decline in moactism - wolset had secured dissoluon of 20 houses n the 1520s - to fund cardinal college, the ease and speed of monestereis had been disolved quickly in 1530s

Extent of popular support

Clergy - had to sign the acts of conformity - oath of suprmecy to H not Pope - npt all agreed with this - the higher ranking ones did though - Bishop John Fisher - executed in 1535

nobility and gentry - there were aspects of popular support as for the Gentry it meant that they could gain more land seen from the 5000 increase after the dissolution, nobility who supported H allowed for their position to further increase such as cromwell - hebecomes vicegerent in spirtuals 1534

general public - not fully happy the monesteries gave them a sense of support and strucutre that had been taken away from them - this is prominent in the pilgrimage of grace in 1536 shows the disconent with the dissolution. by making their religion esentially illegal to practise took awat an aspect of their free will.

Foreign Policy

How successful (in relation to aims)

prestige -1

balancing power -2

expansionist -3

battle of Spurs 1513 - battle in france for the 2 territories

battle of Flodden - scotland - killed James IV left a child heir - didn't take the expansionst opportunty as his main priority was France - but overall across hs reign he was unsuccessful as he had lost land in France

the break with rome increased his prestigr as the act of supremecy made him head and increased his prestige and decreased the pope

field of cloth of gold - France willing to come shows the power of england - but worth noting that nothing came out of it.

imperial jurisdiction - appeals couldnt be made to the pope

diplomatic marrgies Anne of Cleves - showed that european powers wlling to get engaged with england politics shows some sense of sucess

treaty of london

but was abandoned by Charles when watng to attack france again

league of schamalkeden

but pope did put a bull on H limitied hs power as countres wouldn't form alliances ect who were catholic