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fuels - Coggle Diagram

- - - - domestic cars are powered by petrol, more expensive as there is a small consumption
      - taxis and commercial vehicles is powered by a cheapter alt. diesel
  - - - the higher energy to mass ratio, the more desirable
        
        to convert enthalpy change to energy to mass ratio, divide enthalpy by relative mass
  - - - gaseous fuels have greatest ease of combustion, also have cleaner combustion due to lower occurrences of incomplete combustion
      - soild fuels are harder to combust and therefore less in demand
- - - - petroleum gas
        
        fuel for gas stove to cook and heat up
      - petrol
        
        fuels for cars
      - naphtha
        
        feedstock for chemical industry to make variety of other petroleum products and plastics
      - paraffin
        
        fuel for heating, cooking, aircraft, kerosene lamps
      - diesel
        
        fuel for diesels egines
      - lubricating oil
        
        used as lubricant or manufacture waxes and polishes
      - bitumen
        
        making roads or waterproofing roofs
      - since molecular size increases, the occurrence of incomplete combustion increases
- - - - mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil
        
        incomplete combustion will lead to products of carbon, carbon monoxide, smaller hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and water vapour
        
        a complete combustion will lead to carbon dioxide and water
      - advantages:
        
        current infrastructure favors use of petrol
        
        easier to store and transport
      - disadvantages:
        
        Non-renewable resource
        
        contributes to global warming
    - - mainly methane, found in pockets under earth's surface.
      - advantages:
        
        easier to combust than petrol
        
        cleaner combustion products than petrol
      - disadvantages:
        
        requires compression/liqufication
        
        contributes to global warming
    - - used in a fuel cell. obtained through electrolysis or cracking crude oil
      - advantages:
        
        does not produce pollutants on combustion
      - disadvantages:
        
        requires compression before storage
    - - produces by fermentation of sugar, through the action of yeast - made from biological process
      - advantages:
        
        renewable source of energy(alternative fuel choice)
        
        easy to store and transport
      - disadvantages:
        
        reduces availability of food
      - manufacture of ethanol fuel
        
        1. photosynthesis
        
        carbon dioxide and water converted into sugar and oxygen by plants in the presence of sunlight
        
        2. fermentation
        
        sugar from the crops converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast in the absence of air and light
        
        C6H12O6 = 2 CO2 + 2 C2H5OH (carbon dioxide and ethanol)
        
        6 CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2 (glucose and oxygen)
      - ethanol, a carbon neutral fuel
        
        its use as a fuel does not add to the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
- - - - smaller fractions of petroleum are greater in demand as they are less polluting
        
        smaller hydrocarbons are more expensive but more eco-friendly