CHILDHOOD=>
<=ADOLESCENCE
Physical Development in childhood includes significant gains in height, weight, and maturation of senses, nervous system, bones, muscles, and sex organs. Dramatic growth happens during prenatal development and continues through infancy and early childhood.
Attachment theory, by John Bowlby, emphasizes the importance of emotional bonds between infants and caregivers for survival and later emotional well-being. Attachment is crucial for developing trust and security, influencing later social and emotional development.
Types of attachment
Ambivalent(insec.):the most emotional and usually become very distressed when a parent leaves and show ambivalence upon reunion by alternately clinging to and pushing their mother (caregiver) away when she returns.
Avoidant(insec): less distressed by their mother’s departure.might be a result of abusive or neglectful caregivers
Secure:distress when separated from caregivers and joy when the caregiver returns. These children feel secure and able to depend on their adult caregivers. forming trust
Disorianted(insec):often display a confusing mix of behaviour and may seem disoriented. P. a source of comfort and a source of fear
Factors Influencing Attachment Development:the presence of consistent caregivers, quality of caregiving, and early life experiences shaping trust and security in relationships.
Importance of Parenting Style:significantly impacts a child's environment and development.It influences behavior, social competence, and emotional well-being through varying levels of warmth, control, and responsiveness
Types of p.styles
Authoritative:strict, but supportive, (better social skils)
Authoritarian:strict and cold,high demands,(impulsive,ego centric)
Permissive:easy going,no rules (no respect)
Neglectful:uinvolved,neglect (impulsive,addictions)
Effect of Day Care on Behavior:may display increased independence and confidence but also higher levels of aggression and non-compliance compared to home care.
The main needs of children include love, security, new experiences, praise, recognition, and responsibility, crucial for their healthy development.
Social Work Intervention:Social work may be needed for children facing abuse, neglect, trauma, or behavioral disorders like ODD, CD, or PTSD.Early intervention is crucial to prevent long-term social and psychological issues.
Child abuse and neglect (CAN) encompasses physical, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect, often stemming from factors like stress, substance abuse, and socio-economic challenges
Stage Crisis According to E. Erikson:
Erikson's stage crisis for adolescence is the development of identity versus role confusion. This stage involves adolescents exploring different roles and committing to a stable identity in terms of occupation, beliefs, and personal values.
What is Puberty?:
Puberty is the biological process where adolescents undergo physical changes, such as the development of secondary sexual characteristics (like breast development in females, voice deepening in males), which mark sexual maturity. Psychosocially, adolescents strive for independence from parents, develop their own identities,
The term "generation gap" refers to differences in beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors between older and younger generations, often leading to misunderstandings and conflicts due to differing perspectives on social, cultural, and technological changes.
Adolescence is characterized by challenges such as identity formation, parent-adolescent conflicts over autonomy and risky behaviors,l including mood swings and peer influence, academic pressures, and social expectations