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Topic 65. Education system in the ENGlish Speaking-Countries, lasts from 1…
Topic 65. Education system in the ENGlish Speaking-Countries
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES
2.1. THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE UK
A) CURRICULUM
B) STAGES AND CERTIFICATES
2.2. EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE USA
A) 21ST CENTURY US LEGISLATION ON EDUCATION
B) STAGES AND CURRICULUM
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
According to Aristotle,
Education
is the
training of persons to achieve their goals by fully exercising all their faculties
to their maximum extent as members of society, thus working on their citizenship competence.
Coinciding with
, Aristotle considered that the
aim
of education is the
development of the moral character
, suggesting to extend education beyond contents, focusing on skills and values to cultivate our students and future citizens.
ORIGINS OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
The history of education goes back to ancient civilizations (the first written records that were recovered).
The
earliest
known formal school was developed in
Egypt's
Middle Kingdom under the direction of Kheti, treasurer to Mentuhotep II (2061-2010 BC).
INTRO
I have chosen this topic due to the high relevance it has in today's society, a globalised world connected by technological advances which have enabled people to communicate at any moment.
On the internet, English acts as a lingua franca, serving as a bridge between countries. In fact, David Crystal pointed out in his work "English as a Global Language" that English has become the first global language in the world due to the need of people to learn the language to connect with others. As a result, English is the most widely spoken language worldwide and the most studied as a second language.
Therefore, we must follow the recommendations of both the Spanish and Andalusian laws on Education and help our students develop what Canale and Swain called "the Communicative Competence". This ability will allow learners to understand and produce accurate sentences, helping them to use language as respectful citizens that create diverse societies, aim of LOMLOE and UN DESA.
REFERENCES
Canale, M. & Swain, M. (1980). "Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Learning"
Crystal, D. (2012). "English as a Global Language.
Bekmuratovich, X. G. (2020). "The Importance of Teaching History to Students".
Grlica, T. (2013). "The Importance of Teaching Literature in a High-School Environment with the incorporation of Film and Multimedia into the Process".
Encyclopaedia Britannica:
www.britannica.com
N. Kober (2020). "History and Evolution of Public Education in the US"
Government of The United Kingdom
EDUCATION SYSTEM IN
In the UK, education is a devolved matter, having separate systems under separate governments. However, they share the main education backbone.
CURRICULUM
National Curriculum
(ENG&Wales), is a set of standards to ensure that all the British pupils are learning the same things with
English, Maths and Science
as core subjects. However, this doesn't concern those children being home educated or in private schools.
•
SATS
: Standard Assessment tests given to childen in primary school (at the end of KS1 and KS2). These papers cover 3 subjects: English, Maths and Science. They're taken in May after the Easter Holliday in order to measure schools performance.
NC provides a framework for compulsory education between the ages 5-18 and these
examinations set what to be expected from students.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0vIBFe4gko&t=34s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7pPIzqcs6c&pp=ygUNdWsgY3VycmljdWx1bQ%3D%3D
Curriculum for Excellence Programme (Scotland)
Common Curriculum (Northern Ireland)
5 stages
Early
years: from birth to 5 years old
Age 0-3: ECEC (Early Childhood Education and Care)
Age 3-4: Nursery
Age 4-5: Reception (Early Years Foundation Stage)
Settings such as preschools and nurseries.
Although parents can choose home education.
through games and play, children learn the basics: how to communicate and understand the world, basic literacy, mathematics, emotional/physical/personal/social development etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMDkXSzXYEU
PRIMARY
education:
compulsory
education
Key Stages 1 and 2, from ages 5 to 11.
During this stage, children have
core subjects
such as English, maths, science, Physical Education (PE)
, arts, design and technology, music
.
SECONDARY EDUCATION
period after primary education and before tertiary education (college). It usually occurs from about age
11 to 16
(Key Stages 3,4)
Here, learners have a
broader curriculum
, with subjects such as English, science, maths, computing, geography, history, modern FL,
after CSE, students do their
GCSE: General Certificate of Secondary Education
in N.I,ENG&W, in Scotland they have the Scottish Qualifications Certificate instead.
They're National examinations taken at the age of 16 (end of KS4).
They're qualifications at particular subjects, with a minimum of 3 (ENG,MATHS,SCIENCE) in order to be awarded with a diploma issued by
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3BXclh-1y0&t=29s
FURTHER EDUCATION:
post-compulsory, covering a wide curriculum and vocational education.
after CSE, students can choose to pursue FE, which can be taken at education colleges or HEIs, such as Tertiary Colleges, sixth form colleges and Specialist Colleges, as well as Adult Education Institutes.
Sixth Form
: the
final 2 years of compulsory education preparing for A-level exams
. However, they also offer alternative qualifications, such as BTECs
They can be done at school sixth forms or at sixth form colleges
Comprehensive schools, which include sixth forms, often offer a mix of academic and vocational programs to cater to diverse student needs and aspirations.
GCE A-LEVELS
: General Certificate of Education, Advanced Levels is an
entry qualification
for universities in the UK.
They consist of
2 year
senior secondary programme that leads to a new round of examinations
Normally, Bachelor Degrees require 2/3 GCE A-LEVELS, and a C grade in GCSE.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDGV3aqRmH4
BTEC = Business and Technology Education Council
a
vocational
qualification that provides learners with the necessary
knowledge and skill to enter the workforce.
It equals the first 2 years of a UK Undergraduate level.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y18oKePT7Jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqsZOfWRXvs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyHi709hjRU
Provides
on-the-job training
to help people develop real skills
prepare
for the
Vocational Certificate of Education
(similar to A-Levels)
learners
go to school 1 day, spending the rest in the work
place where they receive paid wages and hone their skills
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MifweBgu8KU&pp=ygU0aW5zcGlyaW5nIHdvcmNlc3RlcnNoaXJlIHdoYXQgaXMgYSBmb3VuZGF0aW9uIGRlZ3JlZQ%3D%3D
HNC or HND = Higher National Certificate or Higher National Diploma are
work-related
qualifications that last 1/2 years and their credits can be transferred to a Undergraduate Degree
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otZuNCnTABU
NVQ
= National Vocational Qualification is a practical
work-based qualification for competence in job and access to higher education
or professional development
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxeXp1ZOK9k
Foundation Degree
is a higher education qualification that
combines academic study with workplace learning.
They're equivalent to the first 2 years of a Bachelor's degree and are designed to train students to be highly skilled technicians required for specific jobs.
Thus, they're focused on employability
It's cheaper than a 3-year Honours Degree at Uni.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpZnPeGJtUY
T-Levels
are new 2-year courses for 16-19y-olds. This qualification is equivalent to 3 A-Levels.
They combine
classroom
learning with a substantial
industry
placement.
They'll enable students to secure skilled employment by providing a
mixture of practical skills and specific knowledge.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Egh-dKw_H7M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4dm9KskMbY
Higher Education
(HE): Includes undergraduate and postgraduate studies at universities and other higher education institutions. Examples are Master's Degrees and Doctorates.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glOSCymI6AQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q11EaQsGiaE
Primary School: KS1+2
CSE: KS3+4
Sixth Form: KS5
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2UG9u-a7IM&pp=ygUOd2hhdCBhcmUgR0NTRXM%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV3tImRJVU8&t=297s&pp=ygUNdWsgY3VycmljdWx1bQ%3D%3D
Major feature: prioritise
sports
and extracurricular activities;
high cost
and
scholarships
to be able to pay college.
American Education is provided by public, private or home schools and is mandatory from age 5 until age 16 (18 in some states).
Compulsory education is divided into 3
levels
:
elementary
school,
middle
school and
high
school.
grades
ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
it includes
kindergarten
through
fifth
grade (ages 5-6 to 10-11).
Basic
subjects +
specialised
programs (PE, music, arts)
remain in one class
except for specialised programs.
Common Core
=
curriculum
set by school districts of each state which select the guides and textbooks that reflect the standards.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5s0rRk9sER0
middle school/
junior high
school: school for children in the grades between elementary and high school. Middle school usually begins with grade 5/6 and ends with grade 8/9 (ages 11/12-14).
students are given more independence,
moving
from one class to another and choosing some of their class
subjects (electives)
HIGH SCHOOL
a secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12 (ages 14-18)
students take a
wide variety
of classes
without specialising
.
they're required to take a broad range of
mandatory subjects
but may
choose additional subjects to fill out their required hours
of learning.
Their
grades
are included
in a student's official transcript that serves for college admission
.
*Minimum requirements for 2-4 years of various mandatory subjects: science, maths, social sciences, PE, English, arts, FL.
HIGHER EDUCATION
: optional final stage, largely
deregulated
.
-
Admission criteria
: legacy preferences, letter of recommendation from teachers, money to donate, interview, personal background, ACT or SAT scores, admissions essay, etc.
usually taken in a
college or university,
institutions that offer
bachelor's degrees, master's, and Doctorate Degrees
VOCATIONAL
community and junior colleges
= public institutions =
publicly funded.
They
offer career certifications and part-time programs
, as well as
trade school certifications
for skilled trades and technical careers.
They're
cheaper
but
not
as
prestigious
as 4-year Uni.
They can transfer the credits of these colleges to pursue a bachelor's degree after a completion of a 2-year program.
Early Childhood Education
Toddler Care
(1-3 years) = family daycare providers that offer activities to stimulate young children's development.
preschool
(3-5 years): Also known as nursery school, these programs focus on social, emotional, physical, and cognitive development to prepare children for kindergarten.
Infant Care
(0-1 years): focused on basic development
Post-secondary education is divided into college and graduate school.
Higher Education involves extremely wealthy and selective universities, private liberal art colleges, for-profit colleges, public research universities, and many other kinds of institutions.
State Governments
set the overall educational standards and supervise the schools
through regents, colleges and universities. They
mandate standardised tests
for K12 public school systems
private schools
comprise fee-
paying
and they are
highly
selective. They mandate their
own curricula and have their own staffing policies
.
XXI c. USA EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
made
standardised tests
a requirement, giving
financial aid
to states in exchange for measures to penalise schools that weren't meeting the goals as measured by these exams in maths and languages. In December 2015, it was replaced by Obama's
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
,
giving more flexibility and transparency as far as programs', students' and teachers' success are concerned.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
: federal law that requires states to ensure that all government-run schools provide services to meet the individual necessities of students with special needs, as defined by the law. All students with special needs are entitled to a Free and Appropriate Public Education (
FAPE
).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNMXCtwx1X4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pp2T3AEvrnw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XMndYNEGFA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nVyJLLD_-Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTo-sfxIEFk
Great Recession of 2008:
Dramatic
loss of jobs
(and consumer spending) that began with the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble in late 2007.
It caused a
cut in education budgets
and many American families faced economic hardships, being
impossible
for their children to
access
to the expensive
higher
education of the USA.
= unexpected
pandemic in 2020 that forced schools to implement technology
in the classroom context.
Although the use of tech improves the grading process and the information received, there's concern that
students with no internet are in disadvantage
. In addition, some believe that
technology worsens students' attention
. Furthermore, students had to invest in technology rather than in the campuses of American Universities.
STAGES AND CURRICULUM
Public education is typically from kindergarten till 12th grade (K12).
Some states allow students to leave school between ages 14 and 17 with parental permission before finishing high school, whereas other states require students to stay at school until age 18.
Graduating awards students with a diploma which makes them eligible for admission to higher education.
As we'll see, school years are identified in the US with ordinal numbers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=As3x_UNO_Ys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Cx0Z1jzSZs&pp=ygU-KipUb3BpYyA2NS4gRWR1Y2F0aW9uIHN5c3RlbSBpbiB0aGUgRU5HbGlzaCBTcGVha2luZy1Db3VudHJpZXM%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ciiaPwhF0I&pp=ygUcdXNhIGVkdWNhdGlvbiBzeXN0ZW0gZXhwbGFpbg%3D%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNp_hLsyRaQ&t=1696s&pp=ygU-KipUb3BpYyA2NS4gRWR1Y2F0aW9uIHN5c3RlbSBpbiB0aGUgRU5HbGlzaCBTcGVha2luZy1Db3VudHJpZXM%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzKCZs77DN4&t=149s
lasts from 1 to 3 years
