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Topic 65. Education system in the ENGlish Speaking-Countries, lasts from 1…
Topic 65. Education system in the ENGlish Speaking-Countries
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES
2.1. THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE UK
A) CURRICULUM
B) STAGES AND CERTIFICATES
2.2. EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE USA
A) 21ST CENTURY US LEGISLATION ON EDUCATION
B) STAGES AND CURRICULUM
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Coinciding with
,
Aristotle argues that proper education should be publicly
provided and uniform for all citizens
, aligning with Unesco's SDGs 4 and 5
. Aristotle sees education as essential
for shaping moral character
and
preparing individuals to contribute
to the political community, emphasising the civic competence. Aristotle emphasizes that education should focus on practical skills, cultivating virtues that lead to a well-functioning society.
Aristotle (ca 350 BCE).
Politics
.
ORIGINS OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
The history of education goes back to ancient civilizations (the first written records that were recovered).
The
earliest
known formal school was developed in
Egypt's
Middle Kingdom under the direction of Kheti, treasurer to Mentuhotep II (2061-2010 BC). This school was primarily focused on training scribes, a highly respected profession in ancient Egypt
INTRO
I have chosen this topic due to the high relevance it has in today's society, a globalised world connected by technological advances which have enabled people to communicate at any moment.
On the internet, English acts as a lingua franca, serving as a bridge between countries. In fact, David Crystal pointed out in his work "English as a Global Language" that English has become the first global language in the world due to the need of people to learn the language to connect with others. As a result, English is the most widely spoken language worldwide and the most studied as a second language.
Therefore, we must follow the recommendations of both the Spanish and Andalusian laws on Education and help our students develop what Canale and Swain called "the Communicative Competence". This ability will allow learners to understand and produce accurate sentences, helping them to use language as respectful citizens that create diverse societies, aim of LOMLOE and UN DESA.
REFERENCES
Canale, M. & Swain, M. (1980). "Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Learning"
Crystal, D. (2012). "English as a Global Language.
Bekmuratovich, X. G. (2020). "The Importance of Teaching History to Students".
Grlica, T. (2013). "The Importance of Teaching Literature in a High-School Environment with the incorporation of Film and Multimedia into the Process".
Encyclopaedia Britannica:
www.britannica.com
N. Kober (2020). "History and Evolution of Public Education in the US"
Government of The United Kingdom
EDUCATION SYSTEM IN
In the UK, education is a devolved matter, having
separate systems
under separate
governments
. However, they
share
the main education
backbone
.
CURRICULUM
National Curriculum
(ENG&Wales), is a set of standards to ensure that all the British pupils are learning the same things with
English, Maths and Science
as core subjects. Thus, NC provides a framework for compulsory education between the ages 5-18 with
examinations that set what to be expected from students.
However, this doesn't concern:
those children being home educated or in private schools.
Curriculum for Excellence Programme (Scotland)
Common Curriculum (Northern Ireland)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7pPIzqcs6c&pp=ygUNdWsgY3VycmljdWx1bQ%3D%3D
5 stages
PRIMARY
education =
compulsory
Key Stages 1 and 2, from ages 5 to 11.
During this stage, children have
core subjects
such as English, maths, science, and
additional subjects
such as Personal, Social, Health and Economic Education (
PSHE
), (PE)
, arts, design and technology, music
.
SATS
: Standard Assessment tests given to childen in primary school (at the end of KS1 and KS2). These papers cover 3 subjects: English, Maths and Science. They're taken in May after the Easter Holliday to measure schools performance.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0vIBFe4gko&t=34s
(Early Years Foundation Stage)
years: from birth to 5yo
Age 0-3:
ECEC
(Early Childhood Education and Care)
Age 3-4:
Nursery
: Prepares children for structured learning.
Age 4-5:
Reception
Settings such as preschools and nurseries.
Although parents can choose home education.
through games and play, children learn the basics: how to communicate and understand the world, basic literacy, mathematics, emotional/physical/personal/social development etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMDkXSzXYEU
SECONDARY EDUCATION
usually occurs from ages
11 to 16
(Key Stages 3,4)
Here, learners have a
broader curriculum
, keeping English, science, maths as core subjects, but including other subjects such as computing and modern FL,
after CSE, students in N.I,ENG&W, take the
GCSE: General Certificate of Secondary Education
, while in Scotland they follow the Scottish Qualifications Certificate.
They're National examinations taken at age 16 (end of KS4).
These qualifications assess proficiency in specific subjects, with a minimum of 3 core subjects (ENG,MATHS,SCIENCE) required to earn a diploma issued by
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3BXclh-1y0&t=29s
FURTHER EDUCATION:
covering a wide curriculum and vocational education. After compulsory education, students can pursue FE, which can be taken at education colleges or HEIs, such as Tertiary Colleges, sixth form colleges and Specialist Colleges, as well as Adult Education Institutes.
Sixth Form
: KS5 = the
final 2 years of compulsory education preparing for A-level exams
. However, they also offer alternative qualifications, such as BTECs
Comprehensive schools, which include sixth forms, often offer a mix of academic and vocational programs to cater to diverse student needs and aspirations.
BTEC = Business and Technology Education Council
a
vocational
qualification that provides learners with the necessary
knowledge and skill to enter the workforce.
It equals the first 2 years of a UK Undergraduate level.
Can lead to higher education, apprenticeships, or direct employment.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y18oKePT7Jo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqsZOfWRXvs
GCE A-LEVELS
: General Certificate of Education, Advanced Levels is an
entry qualification
for universities in the UK.
They are a
2-year
qualifications or senior secondary programme typically taken by students aged 16-18 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. They are Graded from A to E*, with UCAS points awarded based on results.
Normally, Bachelor Degrees require 2/3 GCE A-LEVELS, and a C grade in GCSE.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDGV3aqRmH4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyHi709hjRU
Provides
on-the-job training
to help people develop real skills
learners
go to school 1 day, spending the rest in the workplace
where they receive paid wages and hone their skills
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MifweBgu8KU&pp=ygU0aW5zcGlyaW5nIHdvcmNlc3RlcnNoaXJlIHdoYXQgaXMgYSBmb3VuZGF0aW9uIGRlZ3JlZQ%3D%3D
HNC & HND = Higher National Certificate or Higher National Diploma are
work-related
qualifications whose credits can be transferred to a Undergraduate Degree
HNC = 1-year qualification focused on practical skills for specific industries
HND = 2-year qualification equivalent to the first 2 years of a university degree.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otZuNCnTABU
NVQ
= National Vocational Qualification is a practical
work-based qualification for competence in job and access to higher education
or professional development.
They assess competence through 2 years on-the-job performance rather than exams.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxeXp1ZOK9k
T-Levels
are new 2-year courses designed by employers for 16-19yo in orrder to prepare students for skilled employment, apprenticeships, or further study. This qualification is equivalent to 3 A-Levels.
They combine
classroom
learning with a substantial real-world
industry
experience.
They'll enable students to secure skilled employment by providing a
mixture of practical skills and specific knowledge.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Egh-dKw_H7M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4dm9KskMbY
Higher Education
(HE): Includes undergraduate and postgraduate studies at universities and other higher education institutions. Examples are Master's Degrees and Doctorates.
Foundation Degree
is a 2-year higher education qualification taken by students from 18yo, which
combines academic study with workplace learning.
Designed to provide highly practical skills for specific industries, with the option to progress to a full degree despite being focused on employability
They're equivalent to the first 2 years of a Bachelor's degree
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpZnPeGJtUY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glOSCymI6AQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q11EaQsGiaE
Primary School: KS1+2
CSE: KS3+4
Sixth Form: KS5
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2UG9u-a7IM&pp=ygUOd2hhdCBhcmUgR0NTRXM%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV3tImRJVU8&t=297s&pp=ygUNdWsgY3VycmljdWx1bQ%3D%3D
Major feature: prioritise
sports
and extracurricular activities;
high cost
and
scholarships
to be able to pay college.
American Education is provided by public, private or home schools and the compulsory school age varies depending on the state, normally being mandatory from ages 5 to 16 (18 in some states).
Compulsory education is divided into 3
levels
:
elementary
school,
middle
school and
high
school.
grades
ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
it includes
kindergarten
through
fifth
grade (ages 5-6 to 10-11).
pupils
remain in one class
for
Basic
subjects (ENG,social studies)+
specialised
programs (PE, music, arts, tech)
Common Core
=
curriculum
set by school districts of each state which select the guides and textbooks that reflect the standards.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5s0rRk9sER0
middle school/
junior high
school: school for children in the grades 6-8 (ages 11-14).
students are given more independence,
moving
from one class to another and choosing some of their class
subjects (electives such as Foreign Languages)
. Subjects become more advanced, including algebra and biology.
HIGH SCHOOL
a secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12 (ages 14-18)
students must take 2-4 years of various
mandatory subjects
(PE, ENG, FL, MATH), a
wide variety
of classes
without specialising
(tech/arts), and they may choose
additional subjects to fill out their required hours
of learning, such as Psychology.
Their
grades
are included
in a student's official transcript that serves for college admission
. This stage prepares them for college.
Freshman
(9th grade) – ages 14-15. First year of high school.
Sophomore
(10th grade) – ages 15-16. Second year of high school.
Junior
(11th grade) – ages 16-17. Third year of high school.
Senior
(12th grade) – ages 17-18. Final year of high school before graduation.
Students also have AP courses for uni preparation. They participate in
extracurricular activities
too, such as sports and clubs, as they are
valued by colleges
and can lead to
scholarships and awards
, helping pupils fund their education.
HIGHER EDUCATION
: optional final stage, largely
deregulated
.
Admission criteria
: legacy preferences, letter of recommendation from teachers, money to donate, interview, personal background, ACT or SAT scores, admissions essay, etc.
usually taken in a
college or university,
institutions that offer
bachelor's degrees, master's, and Doctorate Degrees
SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) is a standardized test used for college admissions. It is typically taken by high school students in their junior or senior year (ages 16-18) and assesses Mathematics, Evidence-Based Reading, and Writing.
ACT (American College Testing) exam is a standardized test used for college admissions in the USA, which assesses students in English, Mathematics, Reading, and Science, with an optional Writing section.
Students take these exams in junior or senior years
VOCATIONAL
community and junior colleges
= public institutions =
publicly funded.
They
offer career certifications and part-time programs
, as well as
trade school certifications
for skilled trades and technical careers.
They can transfer the credits of these in order to pursue a bachelor's degree after a completion of a 2-year program.
They're
cheaper
but
not
as
prestigious
as 4-year Uni.
Apprenticeships
combine practical with theoretical formation, allowing students to gain work experience while they study.
The perkins Act
finances vocational education in USA, ensuring programmes are relevant for the workplace.
Early Childhood Education
Toddler Care
(1-3 years) = family daycare providers that offer activities to encourage social, emotional, and cognitive
growth through play-based learning
.
preschool
(3-5 years): Also known as nursery school, it
prepares children for kindergarten by developing language, math, and social skills
in a classroom setting
Infant Care
(0-1 years): focused on
basic development
, including sensory stimulation, bonding, and early motor skills.
Post-secondary education is divided into college and graduate school.
Higher Education involves extremely wealthy and selective universities, private liberal art colleges, for-profit colleges, public research universities, and many other kinds of institutions.
State Governments
set the overall educational standards and supervise the schools
through regents, colleges and universities. They
mandate standardised tests
for K12 public school systems
private schools
are fee-
paying
and
highly
selective. They mandate their
own curricula and have their own staffing policies
.
XXI c. USA EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
made
standardised tests
a requirement, giving
financial aid
to states in exchange for measures to penalise schools that weren't meeting the goals as measured by these exams in maths and languages. In December 2015, it was replaced by Obama's
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
,
giving more flexibility and transparency for students' and teachers' success.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
: federal law that requires states to ensure that all government-run schools provide services to meet the individual necessities of students with special needs, as defined by the law. All students with special needs are entitled to a Free and Appropriate Public Education (
FAPE
).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNMXCtwx1X4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pp2T3AEvrnw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XMndYNEGFA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nVyJLLD_-Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTo-sfxIEFk
Great Recession of 2008:
Dramatic
loss of jobs
(and consumer spending) that began with the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble in late 2007.
It caused a
cut in education budgets
and many American families faced economic hardships, being
impossible
for their children to
access
to the expensive
higher
education of the USA.
= unexpected
pandemic in 2020 that forced schools to implement technology
in the classroom context. In response to that, there were COVID-19 Education Relief Measures – Policies addressing remote learning and funding during the pandemic.
Although the use of tech improves the grading process and the information received, there's concern that
students with no internet are in disadvantage
. In addition, some believe that
technology worsens students' attention
. Furthermore, students had to invest in technology rather than in the campuses of American Universities.
STAGES AND CURRICULUM
Public education is typically from kindergarten till 12th grade (K12).
Some states allow students to leave school between ages 14 and 17 with parental permission before finishing high school, whereas other states require students to stay at school until age 18.
Graduating awards students with a diploma which makes them eligible for admission to higher education.
As we'll see, school years are identified in the US with ordinal numbers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=As3x_UNO_Ys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Cx0Z1jzSZs&pp=ygU-KipUb3BpYyA2NS4gRWR1Y2F0aW9uIHN5c3RlbSBpbiB0aGUgRU5HbGlzaCBTcGVha2luZy1Db3VudHJpZXM%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ciiaPwhF0I&pp=ygUcdXNhIGVkdWNhdGlvbiBzeXN0ZW0gZXhwbGFpbg%3D%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNp_hLsyRaQ&t=1696s&pp=ygU-KipUb3BpYyA2NS4gRWR1Y2F0aW9uIHN5c3RlbSBpbiB0aGUgRU5HbGlzaCBTcGVha2luZy1Db3VudHJpZXM%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzKCZs77DN4&t=149s
lasts from 1 to 3 years
https://youtu.be/BgrJqmkEzsk
