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Eng Hum Y8 Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Chattel slavery: enslaved people were treated as properties. They were forced to farm, forced to reproduce more slaves and transported using a crowded and filthy slave ship. This is dehumanizing
      - Encomienda: system that enforced native Americans to work. However, most of them managed to escape
      - Indentured servitude: European immigrators must enter a form of service (work) for 7 years to pay off their voyage. After that they were completely free.
    - - Africa->America: slaves for raw materials
      - Europe->Africa: manufacture products for gold :moneybag:
      - Europe->America: manufacture products for gold :moneybag:
      - America->Europe: raw materials for manufacture products
  - - - It maintain a monopoly and prevents competition.
      - The mother country gains raw material, while the colonies became market for manufacture goods
  - - - Portugal
        
        the 1st to start exploring Africa & starting plantation and slavery system
        
        Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 AD
        
        Splitting the world to two. Portugal owns Africa and Brazil, while Spain owns most of America
        
        Before Columbus discover America, it's favorable towards Portugal
      - Spain
        
        Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered America in 1492 AD
        
        used an encomienda system and hierarchy based on race to force indigenous people to participate in unpaid labour
        
        conquer
        
        Pizzaro conquered Inca in 1532 AD with a surprise attack
        
        Cortes conquered the Aztec in 1521 AD within 2 yeas
        
        The Spaniards have arms and horses, while the native Americans suffered from diseases
    - - Definition: exchange between the old World and new world / Europe and America
      - old world->new world: diseases and disease vectors, causing significant drop in native people's population
      - new world->old world: new plants, categorized into stable crop (for food) and cash crop (for money)
      - As a result, Europeans have a better food diversity and nutrition, which increases their interest in exploring America. The native Americans lost 90 percent of their population, which makes them vulnerable to further invasions.
    - - simply interested in trade and business
      - started trade company VOC
    - - many families arrived to the new world for social mobility,
        improved living conditions, and religious freedom
      - focus on agriculture and took lands from Native Americans
    - - National rivalries
      - seek for new trade routes and gold
      - spread christianity
- - - - 1st revolution: mainly steam and textiles
      - 2nd revolution: mainly oil, steel, electricity, machinery, combustion engine
      - steamboat, telegram, and railroad made exploration and transportation more accessible, fostering trade and migration
    - - Asia: only Japan industrialized because of Europeans
      - Europe
        
        Britain (1770s)
        
        US (1800s)
        
        Belgium (1820s)
        
        France (1840s)
        
        Germany(1850s)
        
        1 more item...
        
        British engineers smuggled British factories and machines to other parts of Europe
        
        some countries didn't industrialize because lack of resources, political instability, effect of wars, and incompatible social structures
    - - Abundant Natural Resources
      - Factors of Production: land labor wealth
      - Agricultural Revolution
      - Success in textile industry
      - Building of factories
      - Political stability
      - entrepreneurs
      - railroad boom
        
        a cheap way to transport products & traveling to work
        
        new jobs & industries
    - - technology utilized resources to bring increased productivity
      - emergence of new industries and innovations
      - wealth gap between industrialized countries and unindustrialized countries increased
  - - - Promoted:
        
        science, reason, logic, observation, experimentation
        
        life, liberty, property, freedom, equality, feminism
        
        individualism
        
        democracy; monarch serve the citizens
      - Disliked:
        
        tradition, common sense, church teachings, ancient authorities
        
        community values
        
        divine power; citizens serve the monarch
    - - the expansion of rights, the abolition of slavery & serfdom, revolution for independence
      - new ideas of politics, nationality, and economics (such as supply and demand)
  - - - Reasons:
        
        Food shortage
        
        2-economic problems caused by extravagant spending by Louis XVI
        
        People didn't get same treatment (3 different estates)
        
        4-influenced by the independence of America
      - Beginning
        
        Taking over the Bastille prison / jail
        
        Reign of Terror
        
        Louis XVI got guilotined
        
        Tennis Court Oath
      - Congress of Vienna restores old regime and maintain peace through the concert of Europe
      - The First French Empire
        
        Napoleon took over France and founded an empire
        
        conquered many countries in Europe through war, but failed at Russian war
    - - Beginning
        
        Background
        
        13 states of the England colony at North America had their own government, which offers great degree of freedom. They were not used to the British law and monarchs.
        
        Colonists influenced by Enlightenment ideas. Therefore, they adopted scientific methods and knew how to assert their rights against tyrannical rules
        
        Government: England won the war against France, however, they ran up huge debt after war. The British gov forced the colonists to pay for the cost through plenty of acts, including the navigation act, stamp act, Townshend acts, Tea act, Intolerable acts. They also committed the Boston Massacre
        
        Colonists: they believe the government violated their natural rights since they have no representation in the Parliament and taxed them heavily. They protested every time a new act was launched (such as Boston Tea party). Finally, they formed the first continental congress and decided to draw up a declaration of colonial rights.
      - Climax
        
        American colonists fought against the Britain. Despite the British army was superior, they made strategic mistakes and the cost of war is too expensive; On the other hand, the American soldiers were more flexible, determined, motivated.
        
        The American colonists won. They justify their independence through a famous document: The Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
      - Conclusion
        
        The colonists founded their own states. Initially, their government is weak. They developed a democratic government, a federal system with three branches, and a complete US constitution after the constitutional convention.
  - - - Line: shoot as much bullet as possible at one target
      - Column: used to march quickly
      - Square: defend against cavalry
      - soldiers who march and shoot with a musket
    - - Saber: curve knife used by cavalry
      - Bayonet: knife on guns
      - Cannon: huge gun that fires explosive metal balls
      - Rifle: a gun that spins a bullet before ejecting (accurate & stable)
      - Musket: gun that fire metal balls (unstable & complex refill procedure)
- - - - population shift
      - disruption of trade
      - downfall of cities
    - - families left to rural areas
      - only priests read and write; germanic people do not have read or write skills
  - - - centralized power in the conquered lands
      - encouraged learning and spread schools
      - joined the Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire