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Isomerism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Geometerical
        
        Types of isomers
        
        cis and trans
        
        intro
        
        the isomer which has similar groups on the opposite side of the double bonded carbon is called 'trans' isomer
        
        the isomer which has similar groups on the same side of the double bonded carbon is called 'cis' isomer
        
        physical properties
        
        Solubility
        
        cis > trans
        
        Dipole moment
        
        cis > trans
        
        BP
        
        cis > trans
        
        Stability
        
        trans > cis
        
        MP
        
        trans >cis
        
        are distereomers that is not mirror images of each other
        
        Z and E
        
        Intro
        
        used for highly substituted alkenes if four different atoms or groups are attached to the carbon atoms of a double bond
        
        used for unambigous systems
        
        Z= cis ; E = trans
        
        CIP (sequence) rule
        
        reaction stereochemistry
        
        syn and anti
        
        intro
        
        types used in
        
        syn(cis) and anti (trans) for aldoxime and ketoxime (c=n) and azo compounds (n=n)
        
        in hydrazone, phenyl hydrazone
        
        exo and endo
        
        endo more stable than exo
        
        exo = cis ; endo = trans
        
        when two rings or ring and a group are in same direction then its cis
        
        used in bicyclo compounds
        
        calculation of geometrical isomers
        
        when ends of compound are differnet
        
        = 2^n (n=no of double bonds)
        
        when ends of compound are same
        
        when n = even
        
        2^(n-1) + 2^(n-2)/2
        
        when n = odd
        
        2^(n-1) + 2^(n-1)/2
        
        Intro
        
        This isomerism occurs when the rotation around a bond is restricted, leading to different spatial orientations of substituents.
        
        shown by alkenes or their derivatives in which two different atoms or groups are attached to each carbon containing double bond and carbon atoms joined by double bond cannot rotate freely
        
        are distereomers that is not mirror images of each other
      - Optical
        
        Intro
        
        Terms
        
        polariser
        
        PPL
        
        optically active aubstance
        
        Compounds having simHar physical and chemical properties but differing only in ,~he behaviour iowards polarised light are called optical isomers and this phenomenon as optical isomerism
        
        optical activity
        
        conditions
        
        must not be symmetrical
        
        COS
        
        AOS
        
        POS
        
        mUST HAVE A CHIRAL CENTRE
        
        exceptions
        
        Optical Isomers
        
        Should have enantiomer
        
        Distereomers
        
        measuremnts
        
        Types
        
        Number of stereoisomers
        
        Nomenclature used
        
        erythro and threo
    - - Intro
      - Types of confirmers
        
        For ethane
        
        stbailities of conformers
        
        torisional barrier
        
        types
        
        graph
        
        Butane
        
        steric strain
        
        types
        
        graph
        
        Cycloalkane
        
        cycclohexane
        
        types
        
        bayer's strian theory
  - - - different
        functional groups in their molecules
      - happens between
        
        Alcohols and Ethers (Cn H 2n+O2)
        
        Aldehydes, Ketones and Unsaturated alcohols,
        Ethers, enols
        and other Cyclic compounds .•• etc., (Cn H 2nO)
        
        Acids, Esters and Hydroxy carbonyl compounds
        .•• etc., (CnH 2n0 2 )
        
        Alkynes Alkadienes and cycloalkenes (Cn H 2n-2 )
      - Tautomerism
        
        def
        
        the isomers
        exist simultaneously in equilibrium with each other.
        
        types
        
        keto and Enol form
        
        causes
        
        tability of keto-enol form
        
        enolisation
        
        enol %
        
        amine and imide
    - - Degree of unsaturation
    - - occurs among memebres of same homologous family
    - - same strucutre of carbon chain
      - differn only in atom, double,triple bond position
      - diff physicsal, same chem prop
      - Aldehydes, carboxylic acids (and their derivatives), arid
        cyanides do not exhibit isomerism
    - - properties
        
        diff arangement of carbon chain within molecule
        
        diff physicsal, same chem prop