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Antiparasitic drugs, Off label in cattle amino to treat giardiosis -…
Antiparasitic drugs
Anti protozoal
Nitro-imidazoles
combat anaerobic bacterial infections and parasitic infections.
Powder, white, hardly water soluble
Good p.o absorption
Metabo-liver
Excreted - kidneys, saliva, milk, feces
Mecha of action: cytotoxic, damage by interaction w/ DNA
Prohibited in food prod animal as is may be carcinogen
Metronidazole,
Giadiosis
Carnidazole,
used for trichomonasis
Dimetridazole,
Ronidazole,
Ronidazole,
Giardiosis
Benzimidazole
bind to beta-tubulin which have a role in mitotic spindle and motility of parasites
Fenbendazole
Paste, suspension or granules; - can be administered to sheep, cattle, horses, fish, dogs, cats, rabbits, and seals.
Febantel (+ pyratel+praziquantel). Febantel is not a benzimidazoles, but, by metabolisation it is transformed in fenbendazole (and hence oxfendazole), with the same action.
Albendazole
Liquid or paste form
poorly absorbed in GI
used in cattle+sheep
potential teratogen and toxic ( forbidden in preg)
Piroplasmosis
Diamidine Derivatives
Imidocarb
good absorption,
toxic to renal hepatic lvl
excreted by milk, urine and saliva
Mechanism of action: citotoxic; acts on the DNA level and
interfere with parasite replication.
Lincosamides
(clindamycin)
inhibition of prot synthesis
Tetracyclines
(oxytetraciclines, chlortetracyclines, doxycycline) Mechanism of action: Inhibition of protein synthesis
Cryptosporidiosis
Aminoglycosides ( Paromomycin)
Paromomycin sulfate
powder, white,amorphous, stable, water-soluble
Unclear mechanism of action
Halofuginona
- is an antiprotozoal agent of the quinazolinone derivatives group (nitrogenous polyheterocycles). inhibit cell multiplication
Toxoplasmosis
Diaminopyrimidines
(Pyrimethamine in combination with a sulfonamide)
dihydrofolate reductase inhibition => essential for DNA replic° => failure in nuclear division
Pyrimethamine+ sulfadiazine = leishmaniosis + acute toxo
Pyrimethamine +sulfadoxine= malaria
Lincosamides (clindamycin)
inhibition of prot synthesis
good absorbtion - metabolised in the liver - excreted by bile and urine
Often combined w/ pyrimethamine
Vaccine toxovax for T. gondii in sheep
Leishmaniosis
leishmaniacidal
Pentavalent antimonials
meglumine antimoniate
disrupt energetic metabolism of the parasites, by inhibiting glycolysis and oxidation of fatty acids
poorly absorbed and highly irritant to the GI tract SO IV ONLY
excreted unchanged in the urine within 6 hours
Miltefosime
powerful leishmanicidal drug
isrecommended as an alternative to meglumine antimoniate
leishmaniastatic
allopurinol
reduce urate formation where urate deposition has already occurred
high prevalence of renal disease associated to CanL
Vaccine + inseciticides!!
Pentamidine isethionate
Still in research!
interfers with DAN and folate transformat° thus inhibition of RNA and prot synthesis
Coccidiosis ( eimeria)
Coccidiostatic
Amprolium
at low doses static, high dose cidal,
competitive inhibition of thiamine uptake
aceto etoxi benzoate methil
ethopabat
inhibit folate synthesis, can be given w/ amprolium+ronidazole
for pigeons vs coccidiosis and trichomonosis
alkaloids
Halofuginona mecha of act° unkown
quinolones decoquinate
pyridinols -
clopidol
can be PREVENTIVE
inhibit the respirat° of parasite via interfering with e- transport in mithochondria
Guanidine
derivatives -
Robenidin
inhibit resp of parasite "" as below
Carbanides - Nicarbazin
mecha of act° unknown
Causes cell degeneration process in liver and kidneys at theurapeutic doses!! may interupt or reduce de hatchability of eggs in chickens as it interfers with the vitellin membrane formation in eggs ( the mbrm that separate the yolk from the egg white)
Coccidiocidal
ponazuril
in
bearded dragons
Poly ether ionophores
are commonly used feed additives for controlling coccidiosis, bloat and improving efficiency of weight gain in cattle
Monensin
Lasalocid
Maduramicin
narasin
semduramicin
Salinomycin
Triazine derivates
active against both asexual and sexual stages of coccidia by inhibiting nuclear division of schizonts and microgamonts and the wall-forming bodies of macrogamonts
Toltatruzil
in food producing animals
active metabolite of toltrazuril, as paste in horses
Procox dog for Toxocara canis, Uncinaria stenocephala and Ancylostoma caninum, Isospora spp
Clazuril
in pigeons
Diclazuril
in rum
Ponazuril
Sulfonamides
active against asexual stage but less in sexual stage
Mechanisms unclear, inhibit synthesis of aminoacids and nucleic acids
against eimeriosis in pigeons
Isospora spp in cats and dogs
sulfadimethoxine (bearded dragons
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim for rabbit
Ectoparasites
Organophosphates
broad spectrum of activity -insecticides : and acaricides
mecha of action: inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase inducing paralysis
WARNING WORKS ON FISH BIRD AND MAMMALS SO VERY TOXIC
They don't accumulate as organochloride in the food chain so "safer"
Trichlorfon (metrifonate): E.g Neguvon, Galiphos, Antipoux
Cumaphos: E.gCheckmite-bees
Diazinon: E.gNeocidol-ruminants,pigs, colars-cats,dogs
Dichlorvos: -E.g ByeMite500mg/ml-chickens -
Fenthion
Phoxim: E.g Sebacil
Carbamates
Broad spectrum : insecticides and ascaricides
act on NS of parasites as weel as mammals, birds and fish as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase bind reversibly to AchE ( irreversibly in organophosphates)
Propoxur
as collars powder
Carbaryl
powder
Amidines = Formamidines
Insecticide + ascarides
Mecha of action : antagonistic effect on octopamine receptors of the nerve cells in the brain leading to hyperexcitation, paralysis then death causes also detachment on ticks + repellent effects
Amitraz
useful for mites, ticks, kids, quite long action to controll every stage of the parasites
DO NOT GIVE FOR CATS AND HORSES TOXIC!!!!
Cymiazole
Synthetic pyrethroids
Insecticide + ascarides
DOGS, CATS, HORSES and BEES, LIVESTOCK
broad spectrum of activity: flies, ticks, mites,
fleas, lice, mosquitoes, etc
Have same mecha of action as organochlorides
Cypermethrine = Alphamethrine most used
Deltamethrin (livestock, pets, fish)
Tetramethrin (Scarcely used in pets)
Flumethrin (livestock, pets, bees)
Permethrin (massively used in dogs)
can be mixed w/ indoxacarb
Indoxacarb is a novel oxadiazine insecticide which has good field activity against a number of pest Lepidoptera, as well as certain Homeoptera and Coleoptera.
BENZOYLUREAS
INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS –
IGRS
interrupt the development of immature stages to adults
Used against sheep lice, cattle ticks, blowfly strike, houseflies and horn flies
In dogs and cats against fleas, either alone or in combination with adulticides, applied both on and off the animals
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
Lufenuron
against fleas cats + dogs
Triflumuron
houseflies, and against blowfly strike and lice in sheep.
Diflubenzuron
:
Broad-spectrum insect larvicide. Used against houseflies, and against blowfly strike and lice in sheep.
Fluazuron
:
Specific tick development inhibitor only in cattle
JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUES (JHA)
mimmics natural insects homorne to disrupts their growth, interfers with last larvae moult, befor becoming pupae or adult, either pupae dies or no adult form => decimation of population
Methoprene
: used in pets, scarce use in livestock.
Pyriproxyfen
: used in pets
NEONICOTINOIDS
Insecticides fleas, flies, lice not acarians!!
Mecha of action is agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors leads to over stimulation of the nerve cells, to paralysis and to death
Dinotefuran
. Used in pets against fleas, and against houseflies .
Imidacloprid
. Used in pets against fleas and lice, in sheep as a louisicide, and in baits against houseflies
Nitenpyram
. Used exclusively in pets against fleas. (tablets)
Thiamethoxam
. Used in baits against houseflies
PHENYLPYRAZOLES
INSECTICIDES AND ACARICIDES
fleas, flies, ticks, lice and mites
inhibitors of GABA = paralysis of parasites
Fipronil
: insecticide and acaricide; used a lot in dogs and cats (spot-on),
Pyriprole
: insecticide and acaricide; used only in dogs
MACROCYCLIC LACTONES
SPINOSYNS
Partially systemic, Insecticide + ascaricide
mecha of action : nervous excitation leading to muscle contractions and tremors, prostration, paralysis and rapid death
against fleas, horn flies, houseflies, lice, ticks, blowflies, poultry mites, etc.
spinosad
ISOXAZOLINES
block arthropod ligand-gated chloride channels
against fleas and ticks in cats + dogs efficient for 4-12w !! very long!
Afoxolaner
: used in dogs against fleas, and some ticks species
Fluralaner
: used in dogs and cats against fleas, and some ticks species
Sarolaner
: approved as an oral tablet for dogs against fleas, & ticks, and certain mites
Lotilaner
Tigolaner
chemical class of bispyrazoles
GABA antagonists, regulates chloride channel
product : Felpreva for cats when ectoparasites, cestodes and nematodes are targeted at the same time
Off label in cattle amino to treat giardiosis