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IOs AS STRUCTURES - Coggle Diagram
IOs AS STRUCTURES
Combining Theoretical Trends
Each organization can be seen as structure or agent
Behavior depends on the issue at hand
Insights of both trends in decision-making
Identity of IOs
Comparison to H2O Molecule
Unrecognized: Arrangement of specific atoms (H and O)
Recognized: Represents water with properties beyond elemental parts
Two types of answers
Structures: Made by member states linked by a treaty
Questions : “What are IOs?”
Agents: More than sum of parts, act beyond states
Question : "Who are IOS ?
Autonomy level
Structures: Low autonomy (neo-realist view)
Created by states to serve interests
Autonomy linked to state control
Example: Palestine's membership in UNESCO affecting US funding
Intergovernmental Arenas: Neo-liberalism view
|-- States meet and exchange information
Lower transaction costs
Example: UN General Assembly as a forum
Agents: High autonomy (constructivist view)
IOs as bureaucracies
Transform states, compete with one another
Modes of Decision-Making (Rittberger, Zangl, and Kruck, 2012)
Concerning IOs as Structures
Intergovernmental negotiations
Majority voting/weighting systems
Concerning IOs as Agents
Centralized rational choice
Standard operating procedures
Bureaucratic politics
Decision-Making by States
Intergovernmental Negotiation
Often aim for consensus, resembling unanimity
Challenges due to member heterogeneity
Example: UN General Assembly resolutions
Two-Level Game (Robert Putnam, 1988)
-- Negotiator balances national and international levels
Role of observers and NGOs
Parallel sessions complicate small delegations
Chicken Game: Negotiation strategy waiting till the end
Tacit rules: Non-attendance, non-reaction, package decisions
Majority Voting/Weighting Systems
Restricted number of voting states
Example: UN Security Council permanent and non-permanent members
Majority voting
Example: UN General Assembly and Security Council rules
Weighting systems
Example: IMF voting shares based on economic indicators
Country coalitions in voting
Example: AOSIS, CAIRNS Group, Miami Group
Voting procedures and influence on choices
Public voting at UNGA and UNSC
Political pressures and bargaining
Example: IWC and whaling quotas influenced by NGOs