Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Immigration to the US, , - Coggle Diagram
Immigration to the US
Common language features in contact languages
- borrowing
- code switching (“Let’s meet for coffee mañana.”)
- structural convergence ('je weet')
-
-
-
-
-
second wave - 1820-1860
-
Factors:
Economic Hardships and Famines: The Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) forced many Irish to emigrate. Additionally, economic turmoil in Germany, including crop failures and political unrest, led many Germans to the U.S.
Industrialization: The Industrial Revolution in the U.S. created a demand for labor in factories, railroads, and mines, attracting immigrants from Europe.
Political Turmoil: Revolutions and political upheaval in Europe, particularly the Revolutions of 1848, prompted many to flee to the U.S.
Homestead Act of 1862: This act provided free land in the West to anyone willing to farm it, attracting settlers from Europe.
3rd wave
mostly from Central, Eastern and Southern Europe
-
-
-
Japanese, Chinese, and other Asian immigrants as well (Angel Island, San Francisco Bay)
-
Factors
Industrial Expansion: Continued industrial growth in the U.S. required a large labor force, attracting immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Poles, and Jews.
Economic and Social Struggles: Economic difficulties, such as poverty and lack of land, as well as persecution (e.g., anti-Semitic pogroms in Eastern Europe), pushed people to leave their home countries.
Transportation Improvements: Advances in transportation, particularly steamships, made transatlantic travel faster, safer, and cheaper, facilitating increased immigration.
Family Reunification: Established immigrants often sent for family members, leading to chain migration.
1st wave - 1790-1820
-
-
-
Germans -> Pennsylvania, Midwest
-
-
-
-
Unwilling immigrants: Africans forcibly brought as slaves -> primarily in southern states (Virginia, the Carolinas)
-
-
Economic Opportunities: Many immigrants came to America seeking land and wealth. The promise of abundant land and the potential for prosperity attracted settlers, particularly from England and other parts of Europe.
Religious Freedom: Groups like the Pilgrims, Puritans, Quakers, and Catholics sought religious freedom, escaping persecution in their home countries.
Indentured Servitude: Many immigrants, especially from England, came as indentured servants, working for a set number of years in exchange for passage to America.
Political Freedom: Political instability and oppressive regimes in Europe pushed some individuals to seek the relative political freedom offered in the colonies.
4th wave
-
-
-
-
1965: Removed quotas, allowed Americans to sponsor relatives
Factors:
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: This act abolished national origin quotas and prioritized family reunification and skilled immigrants, significantly altering the demographic makeup of immigrants.
Globalization: Increased global connectivity and economic opportunities in the U.S. attracted immigrants from all over the world, particularly Asia and Latin America.
Political Refugees: Conflicts and political instability in various regions, such as the Vietnam War, the Cuban Revolution, and civil wars in Central America, led to an influx of refugees.
Economic Opportunities: The U.S. economy, particularly its technology and service sectors, drew skilled workers from countries like India, China, and the Philippines.
Educational Opportunities: The U.S. educational system attracted students from around the world, many of whom stayed after completing their studies.
Through their interactions, speakers influence each other – accommodating each other on different features – and converge toward some group
or communal norms (Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact 2022, P. 29)
-
-
-
