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Theme 2 - People of the Planet - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Measuring developed places can be useful to see how developed they are, to compare them and see how they change over time.
        
        Social measures of development
        
        Social measures are to do with individual people and what it would be life for them living in that place. Sometimes social and economic indicators don't match.
        
        Infant Mortality
        
        Birth rate
        
        Docters per 1000
        
        Quality of life
        
        Death rate
        
        Literacy rate
        
        Access to education
        
        Life expectancy
        
        Economic measures of development
        
        Tend to focus mainly on money and the features of a country's economy, such as employment and trade.
        
        GDP per capita
        
        Standard of living
        
        Relative & absolute poverty
        
        Relative poverty is if you are living in an area where those around you have more wealth than you so cannot maintain the same lifestyle as them. Absolute poverty measures your ability to meet your basic human needs of: minimal food, water, safe shelter, sanitation, health and education.
        
        GNI per capita
        
        GNI is the value of all products, taxes and income from abroad that a country has per year, in US dollars. Per capita means the figure is divided by the population of that country to give an average amount per person.
        
        Advantages
        
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        Disadvantages
        
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        Employment type
        
        As a country becomes more developed, employment structure will change.
        
        HDI
        
        Measures life expectancy, education & income per capita to five countries a ranking and a score from 0 to 1, 1 being the highest
        
        Advantages
        
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        Disadvantages
        
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        Internet users
        
        Shows the percentage of the population who have access to the internet
        
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        Disadvantages
        
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    - - Social development
        
        To do with people and society. About the improvement that has been made by a country in improving the quality of life of people who live there. Could include improving literacy levels through access to education, housing conditions, healthcare, reducing infant mortality and increasing life expectancy.
      - Economic development
        
        About the improvement that has been made by a country in terms of wealth. Could include the value of goods and services that the country is producing, or the proportion of the population working in primary/secondary.tertiary/quaternary jobs.
      - Environmental development
        
        Recognises the importance of the natural world and includes looking at how countries are monitoring the emissions of greenhouse gases, or what they are doing to improve water quality.
      - Sustainable development
        
        Means that the needs of the present will be met (socially, economically and environmentally) while protecting the needs of the future. Resources cannot be exhausted and environments need to be protected. Could be using sustainable resources, e.g. using renewable energy sources.
    - - Wealth
      - The development gap
        
        48% of all the world's wealth is owned by just one percent of the population.
      - Health
        
        Many LIDCs have high levels of infant mortality, high birth rates and low life expectancy levels. These can show low levels of investment in health care, education, water supply, food supply and sanitation.
      - Education
        
        Literacy rates indicate how many people can read & write. Low literacy levels as well as low numbers of people attending schools suggest money for investment in education is low.
      - Standards of living
        
        In LIDCs, a large number of people live in areas where there is poor infrastructure such as lack of running water & sanitation, and lack of decent housing.
- - - - National development is a long, slow process, influenced by a variety of factors that can either increase or hold back the speed of change. These factors can be caused by humans or nature.
      - Physical factors affecting development
        
        Natural hazards
        
        Risk or earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storms, floods etc can limit development
        
        Frequent hazards will damage buildings, cause injury, reduce industry and farming
        
        Some benefits from volcanic ash and minerals; floodwaters bring rich soil
        
        Natural resources
        
        Access to safe water for health
        
        Availability of timber for fuel and construction
        
        Minerals and metals for trade, energy and manufacturing
        
        Fuel sources such as coal, oil & natural gas
        
        Location & terrain
        
        Landlocked countries may find trade with distant countries more diffucult
        
        Steep, mountainous, rocky terrain is more difficult to build on and limits farming
        
        Attractive, aesthetic scenery will attract tourist income
        
        Climate
        
        Some climates attract tourism, e.g. tropical beaches
        
        Extreme climates (e.g. hot & cold deserts) limit industry and affect health
        
        Reliability of rainfall influences agriculture and can create risks, e.g. monsoons, droughts
    - - Human factors
        
        Politics
        
        Global links
        
        Membership of international groups, e.g. UN, EU
        
        Democracy/right to vote
        
        Trade
        
        Investment - dependency - growth of TNCs
        
        Fair of unfair trade - Debt
        
        War/corruption
        
        Culture
        
        Traditional societies may reject material goods/consumption
        
        Technology
        
        For example, railway, electricity, internet
        
        Healthcare
        
        Disease
        
        Access to vaccines
        
        History
        
        Colonisation
        
        Industrialisation
      - Exploitation of natural resources
        
        Humans manipulate environments to extract resources needed for fuel, construction and industry, This can lead to damaged environments & ecosystems.
      - Impact of colonialisation
        
        From 16century to mid-20century EU powers colonized much of Africa in order to exploit their raw materials. These materials were taken from Africa and transported to Europe which meant that African countries couldn't take advantage of their own resources to generate their own development.
        
        Restrictions on trade
  - - - Official government aid
        
        Given from one government to another directly; receiving government then controls spending
      - Voluntary aid
        
        Given by individuals to NGOs or charities like Oxfam who direct aid to the right place
      - Bilateral aid
        
        Aid that has 'strings attached', meaning receiving country has to give something back
      - Multilateral aid
        
        Provided by many countries and organized by an organisation like the UN
    - - Giving a pair of goats to a community, particularly to young girls, in order for them to breed the goats and use their milk to produce surplus for sale.
- - - - Settlement hierarchy
        
        Conurbation
        
        City
        
        Large town
        
        Small town
        
        Village
        
        Hamlet
        
        Isolated dwelling/farm
        
        Settlements increase in size but decrease in frequency
        
        Settlements move up through the hierarchy as more people live in them. They develop more functions and provide more services as a consequence.
      - Why is water important for settlements?
        
        Water provides communication and opportunities for trade, along with water supply and waste disposal. Many of the world's major cities are located on a major river.
      - Megacities
        
        Characteristics
        
        Cities with a population of over 10 million are classified as megacities. Often capital cities. In 1950 there was only 2 megacities, but now there are thought to be over 30. However, megacities only house 5% of the world's population at present.
        
        Importance
        
        Megacities may offer better public services and be more stable. People concentrated in a small area rather than causing urban sprawl.
        
        Risks
        
        Due to highest concentration of people and extreme dynamics, megacities are particularly prone to supply crises, social disorganization, political conflicts and natural disasters.
      - World cities
        
        Characteristics
        
        Headquarters of multinational companies based in the city
        
        A centre for innovation in business
        
        A center for media and communications
        
        A major center for manufacturing
        
        Important port facilities
        
        Cultural opportunities
        
        Highly rated universities
        
        Regional importance compared with other cities
        
        A city considered to be an important hub in the global economic system.
    - - The 'baby boom' and the building of new houses led to urban sprawl and the growth of the 'suburbs'. Urbanisation currently more rapid in EDCs and LIDCs. These tend to have towns and cities with youthful populations, and as many of these people are of child-bearing age there is a high birth rate in these areas. Cities in China have grown despite the adoption of the 'one-child' policy - policy in place for 35 years before being dropped by the government in 2015. Most ACs have populations that are more than 70% urban, but LIDCs have more potential for growth.
- - - - Causes of rapid urbanization in LIDCs
        
        Rate of growth of LIDCs is now the fastest in the world. Urbanisation is driven by:
        
        Rural-urban migration - people being drawn from the rural areas to live in cities
        
        Push factors
        
        Opportunities for employment other than agricultural work are limited and low wages
        
        Rural areas often have fewer services and poorer infrastructure
        
        Pull factors
        
        More opportunities for employment & better wages
        
        Often better healthcare systems and schools in urban areas
        
        Cities become transport hubs, with road, rail, canal and air networks meeting there or passing through them
        
        Internal growth - when people who have moved the cities have lots of children
        
        Once people arrive in cities and find employment and housing they will tend to have children. Can result in a rapid rate of population growth.
    - - Informal growth of cities
        
        Cities often grow in a planned wat, but many (particularly those in LIDCs) attract people in such large numbers that the city's infrastructure can't keep up with that of the arrivals. Available land, even unsuitable land, is soon used, expanding along transport routes such as main roads and railways. This is characterized by the absence of services, particularly sanitation & healthcare, high population densities and criminal activities.
      - What is informal housing?
        
        Housing built on land which does not belong to those who are building it. Often land that may not be suitable for the purpose and that might be bad for people's health & safety, e.g. river beds that may get flooded after rain, land close to industrial activity harmful to people's health. In areas of informal housing, infrastructure is poor and there are problems with the reliability of electricity supplied. Over time, areas are improved and self-help communities develop.