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INDUSTRIAL/ ORGANIZATIONAL (I/O) PSYCHOLOGY …

- - - - Enhance the dignity and performance of human beings/ the organization they work in
      - By advancing the science and knowledge of human behavior
    - - Personnel Psychology
        
        Focus on the selection and evaluation of employees such as analyzing jobs, recruiting applicants, ... by choosing existing tests or creating new ones
        
        Examine various methods that can be used to train and develop employees: identifying the organization's needs, developing training programs, and evaluating training success
      - Organizational Psychology
        
        Investigate the behaviors of employees within the context of an organization by conducting surveys of employee attitudes about the issues
        of leadership, job satisfaction, employee motivation, organizational communication
        
        Serve as a consultant that making recommendations on ways problem areas can be improved
        
        Implement organization-wide programs designed to improve employee performance such as team building, restructuring, and employee empowerment
      - Human Factors: concentrating on the interaction between humans and machines
      - I/O Psychology Explaining
        
        Industrial approach
        
        Determining competencies needed to perform a job
        
        Staffing the organization with employees who have those competencies
        
        Increasing the competencies through training
        
        Organizational approach
        
        Creating an organizational structure and culture
        
        Providing the working conditions that results in the satisfying work/life environment
  - - - Process: Idea/ Question asked > Hypothesis/ Prediction (What will happen) formed > Theory/ Explanation (Why it will happen)
      - To see if the hypothesis is correct, the researcher will need to conduct a study > If the results support the hypothesis, it becomes important to test the theory cause same outcome but different reasons.
    - - Journals consist of articles written by researchers directly reporting the results of a study.
        The leading journals in I/O psychology are the Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, and Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
      - Bridge publications are designed to “bridge the gap” between academia and the applied world: Academy of Management Executive, Harvard Business Review, and Organizational Dynamics
      - Trade Magazines contain articles usually written by professional writers who have developed expertise in a given field, sometimes do not cover all the research on a topic and can be somewhat biased: HR Magazine and Training
      - Magazines is good sources of ideas but terrible sources to use in support of a scientific hypothesis
    - - Laboratory Research: research is often conducted in laboratories because researchers can control many variables that are not of interest in the study > One disadvantage of laboratory research is external validity, or generalizability, of results to organizations in the “real world.”
      - Field Research gains in external validity it loses in control of extraneous variables that are not of interest to the researcher and also provides researchers with an ethical dilemma
    - - Experiments is the only method that can determine cause-and-effect relationships
        
        Manipulation of one or more independent variables
        
        Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control conditions
      - Quasi-experiments are often used to evaluate the results of a new program implemented by an organization
      - Archival research involves using previously collected data or records to answer a research question.
      - Surveys ask people their opinion on some topics and can be conducted via a variety of methods such as mail, personal interviews, phone, email, and the Internet
        
        REMIND
        
        Keep the questions relatively short in length
        
        Do not ask about hypothetical situations
        
        Well-designed survey questions are easy to understand; use simple language
      - Meta-analysis is a statistical method of reaching conclusions based on previous research. > Má khó hiểu quá :smiley:
    - - The method of selecting the sample is certainly dependent on the nature of the organization.
      - Many studies use convenience sample and then randomly assigned subjects to the various experimental conditions, especially in industry.
    - - Statistical analysis provides the answer by determining the probability that our data were the result of chance
      - It helps us determine how confident we are that our results are real and did not occur by chance alone
      - Significance levels tell us the statistical significance of the study, and effect sizes (combined with logic - in meta-analysis) tell us the pratical significance of the study
      - Correlation: a statistical procedure used to measure the relationship between two variables
      - The result of correlational analysis is a number called a correlation coefficient
        
        The value of this coefficient range from -1 to +1
        
        The further the coefficient is from zero, the greater the relationship between two variables
        
        The (+) and (-) signs indicate the direction of the correlation
        
        A positive (+) correlation means that as the values of one variable increase, so do the values of a second variable.
        
        A negative (-) correlation means that as the values of one variable increase, the values of a second variable decrease.