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QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN, GGGA3232 EDUCATIONAL…
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DEFINITION
- A focus group is a research technique used to collect data through group interaction.
- Small group of people have been carefully chosen to discuss a certain issue about a given topic.
- Focus groups provide insight on the why, what and how questions by identifying and exploring how people think and behave.
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1. Exploratory Research
The need to explore new ideas, concepts or issues that have not been previously studied.
2. Gathering Diverse Perspectives
The need to get more in-depth information on perceptions, insights, attitudes, experiences or beliefs.
3. Clarifying Quantitative Data
The need to clarify and provide context to the numerical data and explain why certain patterns or trends may have emerged.
4. Example:
A cultural organization might use focus groups to explore how different communities engage with cultural events and institutions.
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SAMPLE SIZE:
Small (typically 6-12 participants per group).
SELECTION METHOD:
Purposive or convenience sampling to ensure relevant participants.
SELECTION CRITERIA:
Specific criteria relevant to the research topic.
PARTICIPANT ANONYMITY:
Participants often know each other.
PARTICIPANT INTERACTION:
High (interaction among participants are encouraged).
EXAMPLE:
A focus group of 10 teachers discussing new educational software.
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SAMPLE SIZE:
Large (can range from hundreds to thousands of respondents).
SELECTION METHOD:
Probability sampling (random, stratified) or non-probability sampling (convenience, quota).
SELECTION CRITERIA:
Broad representation of population.
PARTICIPANT ANONYMITY:
Usually anonymous
PARTICIPANT INTERACTION:
Low (typically no interaction among respondents).
EXAMPLE:
A survey sent to 1000 teachers to measure their satisfaction with the educational software.
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VALIDITY 1. Credibility
- In depth discussion to gather information
- Cross checking system amongst group members
2. Selectivity
- Purposely selective based on experience and relevance towards research
- Very descriptive in research context
RELIABILITY 1. Consistency
- Clear instructions
- Peer debriefing
2. Documentation
- Create detailed and accurate transcripts of focus group discussions to ensure that data are reliably captured.
- Audio or video documentation for proofreading and reference
VALIDITY 1. Content
- Expert review on specific matters
- Theories that construct accurately
2. Criteria
- Factor analysis
- Hypothesis to test if the survey aligns with the research carried out
- Feedback to make sure the relevance of the survey
RELIABILITY 1. Sampling
- Random sampling and feedbacks so there is no section bias
- Peer debriefing
2. Testing
- Revision based on feedback received only if necessary
- A test sample based on the survey to ensure no problems occur with the survey
1. Online Surveys
- Use online survey tools like Google Forms or SurveyMonkey to distribute questionnaires electronically.
2. Face-to face Surveys or In-person Interviews
- Direct interaction between the interviewer and the respondent.
3. Telephone Surveys
- Use phone calls to administer the survey.
4. Paper-based Surveys
- Distribute printed questionnaires for respondents to fill out manually.
- Useful when internet access is limited.
5. Email surveys
- Send survey invitations via email with a link to an online questionnaire.
6. Mobile Surveys
- Use smart phones or tablets
1. Participant Observation
- Focus on non-verbal communication, group dynamics, and the overall atmosphere.
2. Audio and video recording
- Record the session using audio or video equipment to capture the entire discussion accurately.
3. Note-taking
- Assign a note-taker to document key points, non-verbal cues, and group interactions.
4. Non-verbal
- Collected based on participants' body language, use of space, and other physical cues.
