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Theme 1: Cognitive development. - Coggle Diagram
Theme 1: Cognitive development.
Introduction.
Logical thinking: Thinking becomes more logical and follows complex instructions.
Increased independence: Kids need less help from adults.
Enhanced memory: Kids show improved memory capabilities compared to early childhood.
Cognitive abilities improve during middle childhood.
Cognitive development.
Egocentrism and decentration.
Kids become less egocentric and can consider other viewpoints.
Decentration allows them to consider many aspects of an object or situation simultaneously.
Conservation.
Conservation reflects mathematical principles like identity, reversibility, and compensation.
Kids understand that certain characteristics of objects remain the same despite changes in appearance.
Piaget's concrete operational stage.
Around 7, kids enter the concrete operational stage, they think logically about concrete objects and situations.
Learning is most effective when focused on concrete examples and hands-on experience.
Introduced the concept of operations, referring to mental activities used to reach logical conclusions.
Learning and memory.
Thinking becomes more rational, complex, and adult-like.
Between 6-11, kids experience improvements in learning, memory, and problem-solving.
Memory development.
Elaboration: Creating associations between items enhances memory retention and recall.
Increased knowledge about memory.
Older kids possess greater knowledge about memory processes and strategies, optimizing learning.
Metamemory: Understanding one's own memory processes is a component of metacognition.
Memory strategies.
Rehearsal: Repeating information aids in transferring it into long-term memory.
Organization: Grouping information into categories enhances memory retention.
Chunking: Breaking down amounts of information into smaller units facilitates memory recall.
Develop effective memory strategies, akin to software programs in a computer.
Increased knowledge about the world.
Kids gain a broader knowledge base about the world, making familiar material easier to learn and remember.
Prior knowledge facilitates learning by allowing kids to connect new information with past knowledge.
Working memory capacity.
Older kids have increased memory capacity, allowing them to learn faster and remember more.
As they age, their working memory capacity expands, enabling them to hold and process more information.
Problem-solving development.
Piaget's and Siegler's perspectives.
Robert Siegler challenged Piaget's view, saying cognitive development occurs continuously rather than in stages.
Piaget proposed that kids progress to more complex problem-solving approaches as they mature.
Siegler's rule assessment approach.
Siegler proposed that kids of all ages employ various problem-solving strategies.
This approach emphasizes that kids' problem-solving success depends on their ability to consider all aspects of the task and use appropriate strategies.
As kids grow, they tend to use more adaptive strategies with the occasional emergence of entirely new strategies.
Relationship between memory and problem solving.
Kids' ability to solve problems is linked to memory capacity, they draw on stored information to select problem-solving strategies
Other aspects of cognitive development.
Metacognition.
Metacognition skills increase, allowing kids to evaluate the difficulty of tasks and select problem-solving strategies.
Language abilities.
Vocabulary expands between ages 6-10.
Kids can engage in meaningful conversations and consider the perspective of their conversation partners.
Kids experience improvements in language skills during middle childhood.
Planning and goal setting.
They can prioritize tasks and decide on a sequence of actions to achieve goals.
School-age kids exhibit better planning abilities compared to preschoolers.
Classification skills.
Classification abilities improve, particularly in understanding class inclusion.
Around 7 or 8, kids grasp the concept that subordinate categories are included within larger categories.
Attention control.
They can concentrate more fully and for longer durations.
Kids' ability to control their attention improves during middle childhood.